Monday, September 30, 2019

High School and New Tech High Essay

I never knew going to high-school would be such a big deal for me. High-school never seemed so challenging, but my first year of high-school was a challenging year, but also a fun year. Going to high-school was like the start of a new life, actually it was the start of a new life because I knew I would learn so much and become a mature young lady. My first year of high-school I went to Arsenal Technical High-school. I was in New Tech High, it was an academy that was mostly about Technology and projects. Yes, I was nervous the first couple of days of school, but after a couple of days I had got use to it. I met lots of new people and made a lot of friends that year, and by being able to experience a different environment of people really changed me as a person. Being in New Tech High I got to use a computer every day of school, I thought it was cool for students to get a computer their first year of high-school. I was even surprised that the students and I got the opportunity to use Mac Book computers. Being in New Tech High was very beneficial for me. In New Tech I learned a lot of new things about computers such as working with power-point, I movie, Word Excel, Photo-shop and more. Before I got to New Tech I didn’t know much about computers, but after my Freshman year of high-school I had learned so much it made me feel like a computer wiz. I also gained good work ethic skills, collaboration skills, 21st century communication skills, and good presentation skills. My first year of high-school was mostly about projects, I always worked in groups and collaborated with those around me. I actually found it to be fun to work with others, after working with others I knew how it felt to be part of a team. One thing that always made me so nervous in school was presentation day, every time I stood in front of that crowd of people in my classroom I got so nervous. At times I would even stutter cause I never experienced presenting before, but after a while I got use to presenting. People have to overcome obstacles in life and presenting was an obstacle I had to overcome to succeed in New Tech. After my first year of high-school I actually missed going to school, but I knew I had three more years of school before it was all over. My Sophomore Year of High-school It seem like I had more responsibilities than my first year. I always had work to do, I had projects on top of the work and I also had to study a lot for my tests. I’m glad I had responsibilities because if I never experienced the task of being responsible I wouldn’t know how to handle my responsibilities in the future. After responsibility came the good grades, I always tried to stay on top of my work so that I could make good grades in high-school, but at times it was hard because I was experiencing a different way of learning. Learning eight different subjects and trying to cram your brain was a difficult task to handle, but also a challenging task for me. At times It wasn’t all about work, in some of my classes I got to go do fun things such as going on field trips. I remember my Sophomore year my Zoology teacher took our class to Newport, Kentucky to the Newport Aquarium. Yes, it was very fun I never went out of town before and experiencing this moment was very exciting for me. Landers2 While continuing my Sophomore year I couldn’t wait until my Junior year, I knew my Junior was the year to start looking in to different colleges. College really never came across my mind the first two years of high-school, but when my Junior year finally came I knew it was time to start thinking about my college life. I had to figure out what I wanted to be, what I wanted to do and think about the places I wanted to go with my career field. At times I was a little confused about my life, I didn’t know where I should began my life and where I should start the beginning of a new life. My Junior year I was still in New Tech, after two years of being in New Tech High I felt like it was another home that kept me safe, and taught me more about life. I always had very good teachers, they taught me things that I didn’t know and also things that they already knew. I loved to come to class and learn from the teachers in New Tech High, I knew each and every day my teachers would teach me something new that would better my life and lead me on the road to success. After I realized what high-school was all about, I didn’t want to leave being able to walk down the hallway and see all my friends, and also get the opportunity to do things that other high-school students didn’t get was beneficial for me. It wasn’t all about working myself to death to get the next assignment done, It was also experiencing the life of a high-school students. Many teachers said, â€Å" cherish every moment of high-school cause when your gone you’re going to miss what was here. † I find that to be so true because now that I am out of high-school I wish I had one more chance to do it all over again. As the year went on my Senior year finally came I was so shocked, it seemed like the first day of high-school was just yesterday I couldn’t believe it was all almost over with. Deep down inside I knew I didn’t want to leave high-school even though at times I wished I had graduated, but when I thought about it, it seemed like my life flashed right before my eyes. I knew now I had grew into that mature young lady I said I was going to be, I was proud of myself that I made it through the years of high-school. I believed in myself, but I also thought that I wasn’t going to succeed at a lot because of my fear of failure. I thought that my fear of failure would ruin my high-school life, but it didn’t because I learned to face my fears and become stronger than what I was before. I was always the person that was shy to get in front of people, I was the person who didn’t believe that people would like me for me. After being in high-school I realized that it shouldn’t matter if others like you or not or if your being judged because at the end of the day your the one pushing forward and moving on to a successful life. Being in New Tech helped me mature and overcome a lot of my fears, I never use to be the type of person that was open to others but after being in high-school I learned how to collaborate and network with others. I knew graduation was coming, I was so nervous I felt it at the pit of my stomach everyday, but as graduation came closer and closer I knew it was my time to face the world and become what I wanted to be. I promised myself that when I got out of high-school I was going straight into college, and I kept that promise to myself because I knew no one could hand me my future in my hands. I had to be a that responsible person and walk across the stage and get my high-school diploma. At times I thought about graduation, I wasn’t ready I didn’t want to leave the place that taught me so much. When the time came for me to graduate, I was sitting there watching students walk across the stage and smile so happily. I was so nervous I sat still in my seat, I almost busted outwith tears but I held my composure and kept my head high. As I walked up to the stage I could feel the eyes of others staring at me, but I looked forward and kept walking and praying that I didn’t fall when I walked across the stage. When my name was called,† Lakeya Landers,† I walked across the stage and then I knew it was time for my life to began.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Patho Pharm Concepts Diabetic Research Health And Social Care Essay

Type 1 diabetes can happen at any age. However, it is most frequently diagnosed in kids, striplings, or immature grownups. Hazard factors include: A household history. Anyone with a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes has a somewhat increased hazard of developing the status. Geneticss: The presence of certain cistrons indicates an increased hazard of developing type 1 diabetes. In some instances – normally through a clinical test – familial testing can be done to find if person who has a household history of type 1 diabetes is at increased hazard of developing the status. Geography: The incidence of type 1 diabetes tends to increase as you travel off from the equator. Peoples populating in Finland and Sardinia have the highest incidence of type 1 diabetes – approximately two to three times higher than rates in the United States and 400 times that of people populating in Venezuela. Possible hazard factors for type 1 diabetes include: Viral exposure. Exposure to Epstein-Barr virus, Coxsackie virus, mumps virus or CMV may trip the autoimmune devastation of the islet cells, or the virus may straight infect the islet cells. Low vitamin D degrees. Research suggests that vitamin D may be protective against type 1 diabetes. However, early imbibing of cow ‘s milk – a common beginning of vitamin D – has been linked to an increased hazard of type 1 diabetes. Other dietetic factors: Omega-3 fatty acids may offer some protection against type 1 diabetes. Drinking H2O that contains nitrates may increase the hazard. Additionally, the timing of the debut of cereal into a babe ‘s diet may impact his or her hazard of type 1 diabetes. One clinical test found that between ages 3 and 7 months appears to be the optimum clip for presenting cereal. Some other possible hazard factors include if your female parent was younger than age 25 when she gave birth to you or if your female parent had pre-eclampsia during gestation. Bing born with icterus is a possible hazard factor, as is sing a respiratory infection merely after you were born. ( Mayo Clinic, 2012 ) Insulin is a endocrine produced by particular cells, called beta cells, in the pancreas. The pancreas is found behind your tummy. Insulin is needed to travel blood sugar ( glucose ) into cells, where it is stored and later used for energy. In type 1 diabetes, beta cells produce small or no insulin. Without adequate insulin, glucose physiques up in the blood stream alternatively of traveling into the cells. The organic structure is unable to utilize this glucose for energy. This leads to the symptoms of type 1 diabetes. This type needs insulin. The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. ( Medicine Plus, 2011 ) However, type 1 diabetes normally develops as a consequence of autoimmune pancreatic beta-cell devastation in genetically susceptible persons. Up to 90 % of patients will hold autoantibodies to at least one of 3 antigens: glutamic acid decarboxylase ( G AD ) ; insulin ; and a tyrosine-phosphatase-like molecule, islet auto-antigen-2 ( IA-2 ) . Beta-cell devastation returns sub-clinically for months to old ages as insulitis ( redness of the beta cell ) . When 80 % to 90 % of beta cells have been destroyed, hyperglycaemia develops. Insulin opposition has no function in the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes. However, with increasing prevalence of fleshiness, some type 1 diabetic patients may be insulin immune in add-on to being insulin deficient. Patients with insulin lack are unable to use glucose in peripheral musculus and adipose tissues. This stimulates the secernment of counter-regulatory endocrines such as glucagon, epinephrine ( adrenaline ) , hydrocortisone, and growing endocrine. These counter-regulatory endocrines, particularly glucagon, promote gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and ketogenesis in the liver. As a consequence, patients present with hyperglycemia and anion spread metabolic acidosis. Long-run hyperglycemia leads to vascular complications due to a combination of factors that include glycosylation of proteins in tissue and serum, production of sorbitol, and free extremist harm. Microvascular complications include retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Macrovascular complications include cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease. Hyperglycaemia is known to bring on oxidative emphasis and redness. Oxidative emphasis can do endothelial disfunction by neutralizing azotic oxide. Dysfunctional endothelium allows entry of LDL into the vas wall, which induces a slow inflammatory procedure and leads to atheroma formation. ( Best Practice, 2012 ) The definition of type 2 diabetes mellitus, antecedently termed noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, was late modified by the American Diabetes Association. Several standards may be used independently to set up the diagnosing: 1 ) a 75-g unwritten glucose tolerance trial with a 2-h value of 200 mg/dL or more, 2 ) a random plasma g lucose of 200 mg/dL or more with typical symptoms of diabetes, or 3 ) a fasting plasma glucose of 126 mg/dL or more on more than one juncture ( Wingard, and Barrett-Connor, 1995 ) . Fasting glucose values are preferred for their convenience, duplicability, and correlativity with increased hazard of microvascular complications. The term impaired fasting glucose has been defined as fasting plasma glucose of 110 or more and 125 mg/dL or less ( ( Wingard, and Barrett-Connor, 1995 ) . ) . Impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) is defined as a 2-h plasma glucose value of 140 or more and of less than 200 mg/dL during an unwritten glucose tolerance ( American Diabetes Association, 1997 ) . Persons with impaired fasting glucose and IGT are considered to be at high hazard for the development of diabetes and macrovascular disease ( Knowler, Martor, and Selander, 1997, and Alberti1996 ) . Although one tierce of these patients will finally develop diabetes, dietetic alteration and exercising can tak e down the hazard of patterned advance from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes ; and may besides forestall the development of IGT in nondiabetic persons at high hazard ( Alberti, 1996 ) . Pharmacological agents may besides be of benefit in restricting the patterned advance from IGT to diabetes ( Knowler, Martor, and Selander, 1997, and Antonucci, Whitcomb, McClain, and Lockwood, 1998 ) . Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a heterogenous upset with changing prevalence among different cultural groups. In the United States the populations most affected are native Americans, peculiarly in the desert Southwest, Hispanic-Americans, and Asian-Americans ( Harris, Courig, Reiber, Boyko, Stern, and Bennet, 1995 ) . The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by peripheral insulin opposition, impaired ordinance of hepatic glucose production, and worsening I?-cell map, finally taking toI? -cell failure. The primary events are believed to be an initial shortage in insuli n secernment and, in many patients, comparative insulin lack in association with peripheral insulin opposition ( Reaven, 1998, and Olefsky, 1989 ) . I?-Cell disfunction is ab initio characterized by an damage in the first stage of insulin secernment during glucose stimulation and may predate the oncoming of glucose intolerance in type 2 diabetes ( Ward, Beard, and Porte, 1986 ) . Initiation of the insulin response depends upon the transmembranous conveyance of glucose and yoke of glucose to the glucose detector. The glucose/glucose detector complex so induces an addition in glucokinase by stabilising the protein and impairing its debasement. The initiation of glucokinase serves as the first measure in associating intermediary metamorphosis with the insulin secretory setup. Glucose conveyance inI? -cells of type 2 diabetes patients appears to be greatly reduced, therefore switching the control point for insulin secernment from glucokinase to the glucose conveyance system ( Leahy, 199 1, and Porte 1991 ) . This defect is improved by the sulfonylureas ( Luz, DeFronzo, 1989, and Groop, Latheiser, and Luzi, 1991 ) . Later in the class of the disease, the 2nd stage release of freshly synthesized insulin is impaired, an consequence that can be reversed, in portion at least in some patients, by reconstructing rigorous control of glycemia. This secondary phenomenon, termed desensitisation or I?-cell glucotoxicity, is the consequence of a self-contradictory inhibitory consequence of glucose upon insulin release and may be attributable to the accretion of animal starch within the I?-cell as a consequence of sustained hyperglycaemia ( Malaisse, 1996 ) . Other campaigners that have been proposed are sorbital accretion in the I?-cell or the nonenzymatic glycation ofI? -cell proteins. Other defects in I?-cell map in type 2 diabetes mellitus include faulty glucose potentiation in response to nonglucose insulin secretagogues, asynchronous insulin release, and a reduced transiti on of proinsulin to insulin ( Porte, and Kahn, 1989, and O`Rahilly, Turner, and Matthews, 1988 ) . An damage in first stage insulin secernment may function as a marker of hazard for type 2 diabetes mellitus in household members of persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( Groop, and Botazzo, 1986 ) and may be seen in patients with anterior gestational diabetes ( Nicholls, Chan, Ali, Beard, and Dornhorst, 1995 ) . However, impaired first stage insulin secernment entirely will non do impaired glucose tolerance. Autoimmune devastation of pancreatic I?-cells may be a factor in a little subset of type 2 diabetic patients and has been termed the syndrome of latent autoimmune diabetes in grownups. This group may stand for every bit many as 10 % of Norse patients with type 2 diabetes and has been identified in the recent United Kingdom survey, but has non been good characterized in other populations ( Groop, and Botazzo, 1986 ) . Glucokinase is absent within the I?-cell in some households wit h maturity-onset diabetes of immature ( Nicholls, Chan, Ali, Beard, and Dornhorst, 1995 ) . However, lacks of glucokinase have non been found in other signifiers of type 2 diabetes ( Matchinsky, Liang, and Kesevan, 1993 ) . Hazard factors for diabetes II include: Weight. Being overweight is a primary hazard factor for type 2 diabetes. The more fatty tissue you have, the more immune your cells become to insulin. Fat distribution. If your organic structure shops fat chiefly in your venters, your hazard of type 2 diabetes is greater than if your organic structure shops fat elsewhere, such as your hips and thighs. Inaction: The less active you are, the greater your hazard of type 2 diabetes. Physical activity helps you command your weight, uses up glucose as energy and makes your cells more sensitive to insulin. Family history: The hazard of type 2 diabetes additions if your parent or sibling has type 2 diabetes. Race: Although it ‘s ill-defined why, people of certain races â€⠀œ including inkinesss, Hispanics, American Indians and Asian-Americans – are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than Whites are. Age: The hazard of type 2 diabetes additions as you get older, particularly after age 45. That ‘s likely because people tend to exert less, lose musculus mass and addition weight as they age. But type 2 diabetes is besides increasing dramatically among kids, striplings and younger grownups. Prediabetes: Prediabetes is a status in which your blood sugar degree is higher than normal, but non high plenty to be classified as type 2 diabetes. Left untreated, prediabetes frequently progresses to type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes: If you developed gestational diabetes when you were pregnant, your hazard of developing type 2 diabetes subsequently additions. If you gave birth to a babe weighing more than 9 lbs ( 4.1 kgs ) , you ‘re besides at hazard of type 2 diabetes. ( Mayo Clinic, 2012 ) Mr. Jenaro has type II diabetes. The fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) trial, besides known as the fasting blood sugar trial, steps blood sugar degrees and is used to name diabetes. Relatively simple and cheap, the trial exposes jobs with insulin operation. Prolonged fasting triggers a endocrine called glucagon, which is produced by the pancreas. It causes the liver to let go of glucose ( blood sugar ) into the blood stream. If a individual does n't hold diabetes, his or her organic structure reacts by bring forthing insulin, which prevents hyperglycaemia ( high blood sugar ) . However, if one ‘s organic structure can non bring forth adequate insulin or can non suitably react to insulin, fasting blood sugar degrees will remain high. How the Fasting Plasma Glucose Test Is Done? The trial consists of a simple, noninvasive blood trial. Prior to being tested, a individual must non to eat for 12 to 14 hours. Because of this fast, the trial is normally done in the forenoon. Understanding the Results of the Fasting Plas ma Glucose Test: Doctors interpret trial consequences by looking at glucose degrees in the blood. Diagnosis classs include the undermentioned, measured in mgs per decilitre ( mg/dL ) : In the fasting plasma glucose trial, 70 mg/dL to 99 mg/dL is considered within the normal scope. A reading of 100 mg/dL to126 mg/dL suggests prediabetes, bespeaking an increased hazard in developing matured diabetes. A reading above 126 mg/dL is the threshold at which diabetes is diagnosed. Blood glucose degrees lower than 70 mg/dL imply an episode of hypoglycaemia, in which blood sugar is perilously low. If the consequences are marginal, other trials might be done, including the unwritten glucose tolerance trial or the postprandial plasma glucose trial. ( Close, 2008 ) Random Plasma Glucose Test: The random plasma glucose trial is a simple Blood sugar trial. The patient does non necessitate to fast for the RPG, which means if can be taken even if he/she has merely had something to eat or imbibe. This is normally performed in the exigency room or when a physician does non desire to wait to hold a fasting blood sugar trial performed. The trial is simple and can be performed in the infirmary or physician ‘s office by taking a blood trial and holding the degrees analyzed by a research lab. Consequences are normally processed within 24 to 48 hours if they ‘re being sent out to an independent lab. Hospitals can acquire a reading much quicker. A normal Blood glucose degree reading, without fasting first, of under 200 mg/dl is considered normal. At that point, if symptoms are present, the physician will get down looking at other grounds for the unwellness. However, a degree of over 200 mg/dl, particularly with symptoms of frequent micturition, inordinate thirst, etc. will bespeak a strong possibility of diabetes. ( Diabetes Info, n.d. ) Two hr postprandial serum glucose: The most common glucose tolerance trial is the unwritten glucose tolerance trial ( OGTT ) . Before the t rial begins, a sample of blood will be taken. The patient will so be asked to imbibe a liquid incorporating a certain sum of glucose ( normally 75 gms ) . The patient`s blood will be taken once more every 30 to 60 proceedingss after you drink the solution. The trial takes up to 3 hours. A similar trial is the IV glucose tolerance trial ( IGTT ) . It is seldom used, and ne'er used to name diabetes. In this trial, glucose is injected into the patient`s vena for 3 proceedingss. Blood insulin degrees are measured before the injection, and once more at 1 and 3 proceedingss after the injection. However, the timing may change. How to Fix for the Trial: Make sure that the patient chows usually for several yearss before the trial. Make non eat or imbibe anything for at least 8 hours before the trial. The patient can non eat during the trial. How the Test Will Feel: Some people feel nauseated, sweaty, faint, or may even experience short of breath or swoon after imbibing the glucose. However, serious side effects of this trial are really uncommon. When the acerate leaf is inserted to pull blood, some people feel moderate hurting. Others feel merely a asshole or cutting esthesis. Afterward, there may be some pounding. Normal Consequences: Normal blood values for a 75-gram unwritten glucose tolerance trial used to look into for type 2 diabetes in those who are non pregnant: Fast: 60 -100 mg/dL, 1 hr: less than 200 mg/dL, and 2 hours: less than 140 mg/dL. Note: mg/dL = mgs per decilitre Between 140 – 200 mg/dL is called impaired glucose tolerance. The patient`s physician may name this â€Å" prediabetes. † It means the patient is at increased hazard for developing diabetes. A glucose degree of 200 mg/dL or higher is a mark of diabetes. However, high glucose degrees may be related to another medical job ( for illustration, Cushing syndrome ) . Hazards: Veins and arterias vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the organic structure to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more hard than from others. Other hazards associated with holding blood drawn are little but may include: Excessive hemorrhage, Fainting or experiencing faint, haematoma ( blood roll uping under the tegument ) , and infection ( a rebuff hazard any clip the tegument is broken ) . Considerations: Factors that may impact the trial consequences: Acute emphasis ( for illustration, from surgery or an infection ) , vigorous exercising, several drugs may do glucose intolerance, including: Atypical antipsychotic medicines, including aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone, Beta-blockers ( for illustration, propranolol ) , Corticosteroids ( for illustration, Orasone ) , Dextrose, Epinephrine, Glucagon, Isoniazid, Lithium, Phenothiazines, Phenytoin, Salicylates ( including acetylsalicylic acid ) , Thiazide water pills ( for illustration, Microzide ) , Triamterene, and Tricyclic antidepressants. ( Medicine Plus, n.d. ) A1C: The A1c trial and eAG computation are used to supervise the glucose control of diabetics over clip. The end of those with diabetes is to maintain their blood glucose degrees as near to normal as possible. This helps to minimise the complications caused by inveterate elevated glucose degrees, such as progressive harm to organic structure variety meats like the kidneys, eyes, cardiovascular system, and nervousnesss. The A1c trial and eAG consequence give a image of the mean sum of glucose in the blood over the last few months. They can assist you and your physician know if the steps you are taking to command your diabetes are successful or need to be adjusted. A1c is often used to assist freshly diagnosed diabetics find how elevated their uncontrolled blood glucose degrees have been. It may be ordered several times while control is being achieved, and so several times a twelvemonth to verify that good control is being maintained. The A1c trial may be used to test for and name diab etes. However, A1c should non be used for diagnosing in pregnant adult females, people who have had recent terrible hemorrhage or blood transfusions, those with chronic kidney or liver disease, and people with blood upsets such as iron-deficiency anaemia, vitamin B12 anaemia, and hemoglobin discrepancies. Besides, merely A1c trials that have been referenced to an recognized research lab method ( standardized ) should be used for diagnostic or screening intents. In these instances, a fasting plasma glucose or unwritten glucose tolerance trial may be used for testing or diagnosing. Presently, point-of-care trials, such as those that may be used at a physician ‘s office or a patient ‘s bedside, are excessively variable for usage in diagnosing but can be used to supervise intervention ( lifestyle and drug therapies ) . Depending on the type of diabetes that you have, how good your diabetes is controlled, and your physician, your A1c may be measured 2 to 4 times each twelvemo nth. The American Diabetes Association recommends proving your A1c at least twice a twelvemonth. When person is foremost diagnosed with diabetes or if control is non good, A1c may be ordered more often. For diagnostic and screening intents, A1c may be ordered as portion of a wellness medical examination or when person is suspected of holding diabetes because they have marks or symptoms of increased blood glucose degrees ( hyperglycaemia ) such as: Increased thirst, increased micturition, weariness, blurred vision, and slow-healing infections. For supervising glucose control, A1c is presently reported as a per centum, and it is recommended that diabetics aim to maintain their A1c below 7 % . The study for your A1c trial besides may include an estimated Average Glucose ( eAG ) , which is a deliberate consequence based on your A1c degrees. The intent of describing eAG is to assist you associate your A1c consequences to your mundane glucose monitoring degrees. The expression for eAG con verts per centum A1c to units of mg/dL or mmol/L so that you can compare it to your glucose degrees from place monitoring systems or laboratory trials. It should be noted that the eAG is still an rating of your glucose over the last twosome of months. It will non fit up precisely to any one daily glucose trial consequence. The American Diabetes Association has adopted this computation and provides a reckoner and information on the eAG on their web site. The closer a diabetic can maintain their A1c to 6 % without sing inordinate hypoglycaemia, the better their diabetes is in control. As the A1c and eAG addition, so does the hazard of complications. In testing and diagnosing, some consequences that may be seen include: A nondiabetic individual will hold an A1c consequence between 4 % and 6 % . Diabetes: A1c degree is 6.5 % ( 47 mmol/mol ) or higher. Pre-diabetes ( increased hazard of developing diabetes in the hereafter ) : A1c is 5.7 % – 6.4 % ( 39 – 46 mmol/mol ) . The A1c trial will non reflect impermanent, acute blood glucose additions or lessenings. The glucose swings of person who has â€Å" brickle † diabetes will non be reflected in the A1c. If you have a haemoglobin discrepancy, such as reaping hook cell haemoglobin ( hemoglobin S ) , you will hold a reduced sum of haemoglobin A. This may restrict the utility of the A1c trial in naming and/or supervising your diabetes. If you have anemia, haemolysis, or heavy hemorrhage, your trial consequences may be falsely low. If you are iron deficient, you may hold an increased A1c measuring. If you have had a recent transfusion, so your A1c will be falsely increased ( blood preservative solutions contain high glucose degrees ) and non accurately reflect your glucose control for 2 to 3 months. ( Lab Trials Online, 2009 ) Diseases do non ever show the usual or â€Å" authoritative † marks and symptoms in the aged. Physiologic changes over the old ages of a long life seem to be responsible for damage of ordinance or map of many organ systems. Since map frequently is measured in clinical medical specialty by research lab testing, physicians often face hard clinical determinations as to the demand for farther rating of a patient based upon a laboratory trial consequence received. For the most portion, the research lab values obtained in aged individuals seem to fall into our traditional or alleged normal scopes, and small grounds supports the demand for separate sets of mention scopes for the aged. A few patients do demo abnormalcies on specific trials, and a few trial values can be expected more often than others to be out of line in healthy aged persons, specifically: serum alkaline phosphatase ( lifts to about 2.5 times the normal ) fasting blood glucose ( up to 135 to 150 mg/dl ) postprandial blood glucose or unwritten glucose tolerance trial ( increased supra normal to 10 mg/dl per decennary of age ) normal serum creatinine with the being of markedly decreased cre atinine clearance higher erythrocyte deposit rates ( up to 40 mm/hr ) haemoglobin ( lowest acceptable degree is 11.0 gm/dl in adult females ; 11.5 gm/dl in work forces ) BUN ( up to 28 to 35 mg/dl ) The presence of multiple diseases in aged patients, every bit good as the many medicines frequently taken, will no uncertainty be more of a beginning of confusion and alarm in the clinical correlativity of laboratory trial consequences than the deficiency of equal mention ranges specifically compiled for the aged. The inquiry â€Å" What trial consequence is important and raises intuition of disease? † will stay a portion of that all important integrating and correlativity of the information available to the doctor for the diagnosing and intervention of the patient. ( Kelso, 1990 ) Functions of Insulin: In add-on to its function of modulating glucose metamorphosis, insulin besides: Stimulates lipogenesis, diminishes lipolysis, increases amino acerb conveyance into cells, modulates written text, changing the cell content of legion messenger RNAs, stimulates growing, DNA synthesis, and cell reproduction. ( Diabetes Information Hub, n.d. ) Several endocrines oppose the action of insulin and, hence, will increase blood glucose. The chief endocrines that mediate this consequence are glucagon, growing endocrine, catecholamines, and corticoids. The addition in blood glucose can happen through suppression of insulin release, stimulation of glucose-yielding tracts ( glycogolysis, gluconeogenesis ) , or lessening of glucose consumption or usage by tissues. Jointly, additions in these endocrines can bring on a province of insulin opposition. Insulin opposition can besides be mediated by inflammatory cytokines ( TNF-alpha ) , fleshiness and gestation. Inflammatory cytokine s are thought to be responsible for insulin opposition observed in sepsis. Hyperglycemia in critical attention patients has been associated with a hapless result and has prompted the usage of glucose monitoring in such patients in human and veterinary medical specialty. In gestation, endocrines such as Lipo-Lutin can do insulin opposition ( this is thought to be mediated through growing endocrine release ) and consequences in gestational diabetes in worlds. Pregnancy-associated endocrines may besides lend to insulin opposition and hyperlipidemic syndromes in pregnant Equus caballuss, ponies and camelids. Glucagon: Glucagon causes an addition in blood glucose, by exciting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis and easing glucose release from hepatocytes. Low blood glucose is the chief stimulation for glucagon release from alpha cells in pancreatic islets. Catecholamines ( epinephrine/norepinephrine ) : Epinephrine from the adrenal myelin Acts of the Apostless via beta-adrenergic receptor s, whereas norepinpherine is released from nerve terminations and Acts of the Apostless on alpha2-adrenergic receptors. Norepinephrine and adrenaline have somewhat opponent effects on insulin release ( norepinephrine inhibits, epinephrine stimulates ) , but the net consequence of both is increased blood glucose. This occurs via stimulation of glycogenolysis and release of glucose from hepatocytes ( adrenaline ) , and indirectly through suppression of insulin release ( noradrenaline ) , and release of growing endocrine ( adrenaline ) and ACTH ( which increases hydrocortisone ) . The addition in glucose in response to catecholamines is normally transeunt ( chiefly due to intermittent release of catecholamines ) and can be rather pronounced in cats, cowss and camelids. Growth endocrine ( GH ) : This increases blood glucose by suppressing glucose uptake by cells. It besides promotes glycogenolysis in musculus tissue. Progesterone may do insulin opposition by exciting secernment of GH. G rowth endocrine is released from the pituitary by growing hormone-releasing endocrine, which is secreted by the hypothalamus normally in response to low blood glucose and adrenaline. Corticosteroids: These increase blood glucose by bring oning glucose release from hepatocytes and suppressing glucose uptake by cells ( through diminishing GLU-4 ) . Corticosteroids besides stimulate gluconeogenesis and glucagon secernment ( which besides increases blood glucose ) . ( Cornell University, n.d. ) The prevalence of type 2 diabetes, which represents approximately 90 % of all diabetes, additions with age and affects 18-20 % of people over age 65 in the United States ( with a significant per centum of these instances being undiagnosed ) . ( National Diabetes Data Group, 1995 ) Recent recommendations to test all grownups over 45 old ages of age for elevated glucose degrees, with retesting every 3 old ages, should well cut down the figure of undiagnosed diabetic patients. ( American Diabetes Association, 1997 ) In add-on to the 20 % of the aged population with blunt diabetes, another 20-25 % fit standards for impaired glucose tolerance, a province that is associated with a double addition in the incidence of macrovascular complications. ( Abrass, and Schwartz, 1998 ) I found an interesting survey about the prevalence of diabetes in the aged. This survey states: To measure the prevalence of diabetes, separating between aged persons with diabetes diagnosed in in-between age ( â€Å" middle age-onset diabetes † ) from aged persons with late diagnosed diabetes ( â€Å" elderly onset diabetes † ) and to measure the load of complications and control of cardiovascular hazard factors in these groups. Research and methods: We analyzed informations from 2,809 aged persons from the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional nationally representative study of the civilian noninstitutionalised population of the U.S. Consequences: Among grownups aged a†°?65 old ages, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes was 15.3 % , stand foring 5.4 million persons in the U.S. The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 6.9 % or 2.4 million persons. Aged persons with in-between age-onset diabetes had a much greater load of microvascular disease but have a similar load of macrovascular disease compared with persons with aged oncoming diabetes. Aged persons with in-between age-onset diabetes had well worse glycemic control ( proportion of persons with HbA1c & gt ; 7 % = 59.9 % ) compared with either aged oncoming ( 41.6 % ) or nonelderly persons with diabetes ( 55.3 % ) . Persons with aged oncoming diabetes were besides less likely to be taking glucose-lowering medicines. Decision: In this survey, we documented a high prevalence of diabetes among aged persons and high rate of hapless glycemic control in this population. Persons with in-between age-and aged oncoming diabetes appear to stand for distinguishable groups with differing loads of disease and perchance differing intervention ends. Future surveies of diabetes in aged persons may necessitate to see stratification based on age of diagnosing. ( Selvin, Coresh, and Brancati, 2006 ) . Risks of Diabetic Complications in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes. Before reexamining the benefits of specific curative intercessions, it is of import to see the magnitude of the hazards associated with type 2 diabetes in older grownups. Macrovascular disease: The morbidity and mo rtality associated with macrovascular events far outweigh the hazards of microvascular complications in older people with diabetes. In the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study ( UKPDS ) , 9 % of type 2 diabetic patients developed microvascular disease after 9 old ages of followup, compared to rates of 20 % for macrovascular complications. ( Turner, Cull, and Holman, 1996 ) A In the United States, where diabetes is the 4th most common cause of decease, atherosclerotic macrovascular disease histories for every bit much as 75 % of all mortality in type 2 diabetes. ( Geiss, Herman, and Smith, 1995 ) A recent prospective survey indicated that patients with type 2 diabetes without a history of anterior bosom onslaught have equal, if non greater, hazards of myocardial infarction ( MI ) compared to those without diabetes who have had anterior bosom onslaughts ( 20.2 % vs. 18.8 % incidence of MI, severally, over 7 old ages ) . ( Haffner, Lehto, Ronnemaa, Pyorala, and Laasko, 1998 ) A Al though non from an intercession test, these informations suggest that older diabetic patients should be treated as sharply for diabetes and cardiovascular hazard factors as the secondary bar attempts presently aimed at people with known cardiovascular disease. Microvascular disease: Diabetess is the most frequent cause of sightlessness and nephritic failure in the United States, and the microvascular complications of diabetes rise with increasing continuance of disease and declining glycemic control. ( Klein, Klein, and Moss, 1996 ) A Although bettering glycemic control clearly reduces microvascular complications, it is of import to acknowledge that the incidence of terrible or end-stage microvascular complications is much lower for type 2 diabetic patients than for type 1 patients, presumptively because of their older age of oncoming and increased viing hazards for decease. ( Vijan, Hofer, and Hayward, 1997 ) Estimates of the life-time hazards of developing sightlessness due to diabetic retinopathy or of come oning to end-stage nephritic disease show the diminution in these hazards with progressing age of oncoming of type 2 diabetes. ( Vijan, Hofer, and Hayward, 1997 ) These estimations are similar to the ascertained rates of nephritic failure in the UKPDS test s but are slightly lower than ascertained rates of sightlessness, in portion because UKPDS rates included all causes of sightlessness instead than merely instances in which sightlessness was due to diabetic retinopathy. ( UK Prospective Diabetes Study, 1998 ) Arteriosclerosis: It is seen in patients of both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes mellitus Arteriosclerosis of the appendages is a disease of blood vass characterized by contracting and hardening of the arterias that supply the legs and pess. It consequences in lessened blood flour which can take to injury of nervousnesss and other tissues. Normally the consequence is seen in the legs and pess. Pain occurs in the legs while walking and is relieved with remainder. Numbness of legs or pess may happen while at remainder. There may be cold pess or leg. Muscle hurting may be felt in thighs or calves. There may be loss of hair on the legs and alteration in coloring material of the legs. Pulse is weak or absent in the limb. Arteriosclerosis is normally associated with ulceration, calcification and thrombosis. Calcium sedimentations in the walls of the arterias leads to contracting and stiffness of arterias. It is normally seen in patients above 50 old ages of age. The sick effects of accelerated coronary artery disease in diabetes are early oncoming of coronary arteria diseases, soundless myocardial infarction, intellectual shot and sphacelus of the appendages is 100 times more common in diabetes than in non-diabetes. Diabetic Nephropathy: Kidney harm from diabetes is called diabetic kidney disease. It is besides known as Diabetic glumerulosclerosis. In this a peculiar type of nephritic lesion is seen which may be diffuse or nodular. The diffuse lesion occurs chiefly due to generalised thickener of the cellar membrane of glomerular capillaries. The nodular lesion is in the signifier of rounded multitudes of hyaline stuff which are superimposed upon the diffuse lesion. These lesions are known as kimmelsteil Wilson orga nic structures. Initially, Diabetic kidney disease that is, diseased little blood vass in the kidney leads to leakage of protein in the piss. As the disease progresses, the kidney stops cleaning and filtrating blood. This leads to accretion of toxic waste merchandises in the blood. So, patient is kept on dialysis machine, which serves the intent of filtrating and cleaning the blood. Kidney organ transplant is done if the patient is non willing to travel under dialysis. Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy is the commonest long term complication of diabetes. It is taking cause of sightlessness. These are diseased little blood vass in the dorsum of the oculus which causes the escape of protein and blood in the retina. Disease in these little blood vass may besides do the formation of Micro aneurisms. They appear as minute, discrete, round, dark ruddy musca volitanss near to the retinal vass. They look like ting bleedings. These are besides formation of new, brickle blood vass. Sudden hem orrhage from the new and brickle blood vass can take to retinal scarring and retinal withdrawal, therefore impairing the vision. Soft exudations are seen. But the difficult exudations are more common and are characteristic characteristic of Diabetic Retinopathy. They are xanthous in coloring material, have irregular, aggressively defined borders and may change in size from little pinpoints to big round spots. Besides, Retinopathy-diabetics are besides prone to cataract and Glaucoma. Diabetic Microangiopathy: It is characterized by cellar membrane thickener of little blood vass and capillaries of assorted variety meats and tissues such as the tegument, oculus, skeletal, musculus, kidney, etc. Similar type of cellar membrane inspissating many besides be seen in nonvascular tissues such as Peripheral nervousnesss, nephritic tubules etc. Diabetic microangiopathy chiefly occurs due to recurrent hyperglycaemia. Diabetic Neuropathy: It involves impermanent or lasting harm to steel tissue. Nerve tissue gets injured chiefly due to reduced blood flow and rise in blood glucose degrees. Approximately 50 % of patients, enduring from diabetes from last 10-20 old ages, develop Diabetic neuropathy. Some patients develop nerve harm earlier while few patients do non develop nerve harm. Diabetic neuropathy affects all parts of the nervous system but peripheral nervousnesss are most normally affected. It affects cranial nervousnesss or the nervousnesss from spinal chord or their subdivisions. Nerve hurt usually develops in phase. In earlier phases, prickling esthesis or intermittent hurting in celebrated peculiarly in the appendages such as pess. But in ulterior phase, the hurting is uninterrupted and terrible. At last, a painless neuropathy develops, that in there is loss of hurting esthesis in an country. The increases the opportunity of terrible tissue hurt because hurting does non alarm the patients to injury. Therefore, the common symptoms of diabetic neuropathy are Numbress , Tingling, Decreased esthesis to a organic structure portion, Diarrhoea, Constipation, Loss of vesica control, Impotence, Facial drooping, Drooping palpebra, Drooping oral cavity, Vision alterations, Weakness, Speech damage, etc. These symptoms normally develop bit by bit over old ages. Infections: Diabetics have increased susceptibleness to assorted infections, such as TB, pneumonias, pyelonephritis, carbuncles and diabetic ulcers. This may be due to hapless blood supply, reduced cellular unsusceptibility or hyperglycaemia. Heart Disease And Stroke: Patients with diabetes are four times more prone to develop Heart disease than those who do non hold diabetes. They may endure from Heart Attack, Chest Pain or Angina, High Blood Pressure, Stroke, etc. Patient with diabetes may develop soundless Heart Attacks that is bosom attacks that take topographic point without demoing any specifics symptoms. It is because in diabetics there is damaged nervus, so the patient does non experience an y chest hurting, and therefore is non cognizant of the oncoming bosom onslaught. ( Diabetes mellitus, n.d. ) To suit Mr. Jenaro`s linguistic communication barrier, a transcriber may be the perfect option. Other options are to supply Mr. Jenaro his instruction stuff in Spanish. There are several Web pages from which instruction stuff can be provided. When the patient is ill, he/she is under emphasis. To cover with this emphasis, the patient`s organic structure releases endocrines that help it fight disease. But these endocrines have side effects. They raise blood sugar degrees and interfere with the blood sugar-lowering effects of insulin. As a consequence, when the patient is ill, it is harder to maintain his/her blood sugar in your mark scope. Ketoacidosis taking to a diabetic coma can develop, peculiarly in people with type 1 diabetes. Peoples with type 2 diabetes, particularly older people, can develop a similar status called hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma. Both conditions are unsafe and can be dangerous. Making a Sick-Day Plan: Fix a program for ill yearss in progress. Work with his/her physician, or a diabetes pedagogue. The program will include when to name his/her diabetes squad, how frequently to mensurate blood sugar and urine ketones, what medicines to take, and how to eat. Besides, attach to his/her program a list of phone Numberss for his/her physician, diabetes pedagogue, and dietitian. Make certain he/she besides knows how to make them at dark and on weekends and vacations. Then when unwellness work stoppages, he/she will be ready. When to Name the Diabetes Team: He/she does non necessitate to name his/her squad every clip he/she has a snuffle. But he/she will likely desire to name if certain things happen. For illustration: He/she has been ill or hold had a febrility for a twosome of yearss and are n't acquiring better, he/she has been purging or holding diarrhoea for more than 6 hours, he/she has moderate to big sums of ketones in his/her piss, his/her glucose degrees are higher than 240 even though he/she has taken the excess insulin his/h er sick-day program calls for, he/she take pills for his/her diabetes and his/her blood sugar degree climbs to more than 240 before repasts and corsets at that place for more than 24 hours, he/she have symptoms that might signal diabetic acidosis or desiccation or some other serious status ( for illustration, his/her thorax injuries, he/she is holding problem external respiration, his/her breath odors fruity, or his/her lips or lingua are dry and cracked ) , he/she isn`t certain what to make to take attention of him/herself. He/she should be ready to state what medicines he/she has been taken and how much, how long he/she has been ill, whether he/she can eat and maintain nutrient down, whether he/she has lost weight, and what his/her temperature, blood sugar degree, and urine ketone degree are. To be prepared, maintain written records of all these things every bit shortly as he/she becomes ill. Keep his/her Notebook Handy: No affair what sort of diabetes she/he has, step his/her blo od sugar and urine ketones more frequently than usual. If he/she has type 2 diabetes, look intoing blood sugar four times a twenty-four hours may be plenty. He/she might merely necessitate to mensurate ketones if his/her blood sugar is higher than 300. If he/she does non hold a metre, talk to his/her diabetes educator about acquiring one. Diabetes Medicines: When sick, he/she will still necessitate to go on medical specialty for his/her diabetes. Even if he/she is throwing up, do n't halt his/her medical specialties. He/she need them because his/her organic structure makes excess glucose ( sugar ) when he/she are ill. If he/she has type 2 diabetes, he/she may be able to take his/her pills, or he/she may necessitate to utilize insulin for a short clip. In either instance, work with his/her diabetes team to develop his/her sick-day program. Food: Eating and imbibing can be a large job when he/she is ill. But it ‘s of import to lodge to his/her normal repast program if he/she can . In add-on to his/her normal repasts, drink tonss of non-caloric liquids to maintain from acquiring dehydrated. These are liquids like H2O and diet soft drinks. It ‘s easy to run low on fluids when he/she is purging or have a febrility or diarrhoea. Excess fluids will besides assist acquire rid of the excess sugar ( and perchance, ketones ) in his/her blood. But what if he/she ca n't lodge to his/her normal repast program? His/her sick-day program should incorporate a repast program. Try to take in his/her normal figure of Calories by eating easy-on-the-stomach nutrients like regular ( non-diet ) gelatin, crackers, soups, and applesauce. If even these mild nutrients are excessively difficult to eat, he/she may hold to lodge to imbibing liquids that contain saccharides. Aim for 50 gms of saccharide every three to four hours. His/her sick-day program may include regular ( non diet ) soft drinks. Other high-carbohydrate liquids and almost-liquids are juice, frozen juice bars, sh erbert, pudding, creamed soups, and fruit-flavored yoghurt. Broth is besides a good pick. To fix for ill yearss, have onhand at place a little stock of non-diet soft drinks, stock, apple sauce, and regular gelatin. Medicines to Watch Out for: He/she may desire to take excess medical specialties when he/she is ill. For illustration, if he/she has a cold, he/she may desire to take a cough medical specialty. Teach the patient to ever look into the label of nonprescription medical specialties before he/she purchase them to see if they have sugar. Small doses of medical specialties with sugar are normally all right. But to be on the safe side teach the patient to, inquire the druggist or his/her squad about sugar-free medical specialties. Many medical specialties he/she take for short-run unwellnesss can impact his/her blood sugar degrees, even if they do n't incorporate sugar. For illustration, acetylsalicylic acid in big doses can take down blood sugar degrees. Some antibiotics lower blood sugar degrees in people with type 2 diabetes who take diabetes pills. Decongestants and some merchandises for handling colds raise blood sugar degrees. Teach the patient that if he/she must travel to the exigenc y room or see a different physician than usual, to be certain to state that he/she has diabetes, or that he/she should hold his/her designation watchband in apparent position. ( Diabetets.org, n.d. )

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Political science - Political commercial by Super PAC Essay

Political science - Political commercial by Super PAC - Essay Example Super PAC paid 21.261 Million USD against Santorum, 18.468 Million USD against Gingrich, 0.020 Million USD against Obama. The only funds used towards campaigning for Romney was only 6.791 Million USD. This goes to show that the negative campaign uses more money than the adverts that are for the preferred candidate. The chief information that the commercial is intent on passing is the principle used to create employment in America. Employment creation is crucial to the reversal of the precarious and fragile environment of the nation’s economy. This is because, since the recession there have been a significant number of job layouts. This consequently led the government to recover institutions in order to minimize any more layouts. This shift is primarily responsible for the massive national debt. Consequently, the massive debt has led to increased taxes so as counter it thus, increasing the burden on the tax payer. The commercial advocates for the reduction of taxes while creating employment. The commercial uses this fact to instigate that the current president Obama, has not made any substantial stride towards job creation, while on the hand his opponent Romney, has done exemplary well in this sector. The commercial which has given in considerable details levels of Romney involvement to ensure job creation in the United States despite the harsh economic times. At the local level, Romney has turned around several companies consequently creating thousands of jobs. Additionally, at the state level he has turned around states facing deficits without raising taxes (Super PAC). This commercial also conveys a contrast between the distant past as well as the recent past accomplishments. This demonstration  depicts the fact that Obama in this commercial is a community organizer, as well as a law professor. Obama made tremendous accomplishment in job creation as a community organizer. Additionally, He helped factory workers that

Friday, September 27, 2019

Wheat Field with Cypresses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wheat Field with Cypresses - Essay Example A lot of the correspondences were descriptive of life in London and Netherlands. Theo was not the only person he corresponded with; there were other people such as Johanna van Gogh-Bonger (Theo’s wife), Wil (his sister), Emile Bernard and others. Vincent van Gogh would include a lot of sketches in his letters to anyone. He always made sure he added a sketch to complement the letters. Apparently, his correspondences would never be complete without a sketch illustrating the subject of his letters. That was out of pure love for both literature and art. He strongly believed in art and literature as powerful tools for communication. He perceived the society and everything around him using artistic lenses, which is why he drew and painted pictures a lot. At the time he wrote the letters, he was a young man who had started to believe that his destiny lay in art. Any art and literature lover would not want to stop reading van Gogh’s letters. Wheat Field with Cypresses is van Gogh’s painting work, in which he used an oil paint to draw complete picture of a typical wheat field with cypress trees, clouds, the horizon and a lot of other environmental components. This and his other painting works are an upgrade from the letters and sketches he was concentrating in earlier on. Wheat Field with Cypresses is able to communicate without any words used to describe it. His use of different colors to illustrate the different elements within the picture eliminates the need for a literary description. One may question the relationship that exists between van Gogh’s several letters and the Wheat Field with Cypresses. The relationship may not be as direct as one would expect, but there is a big connection. Both are depictions of a shrewd artist who used art to communicate and to paint a picture of the society. The letters were numerous and various. The themes of the letters were different. That was art. The good relationship between Vincent

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Divorce amoung educated vs uneducated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Divorce amoung educated vs uneducated - Essay Example These factors include; infidelity, poor communication, sexual or physical abuse, incompatibility among others. Divorce is a legal process of dissolving marriages through a court of law. Does the level of education act as a recipe for divorce? Who among the educated and uneducated are likely to divorce? This paper is a critique of divorce among the educated and the uneducated. Education is among the key factors that contribute to divorce. As the level of education rises, the rate of divorce declines and vice versa. There are various explanations for such a trend. Traditionally, marriage institution was very much respected as it was a means of acquiring a social status in society. Nowadays, marriage is losing its cultural meaning due to advancement in education and economic problems. People have intimacy before marriage and even bear children out of wedlock thus making marriage to lose meaning (Wilcox). According to General social survey in America, there has cropped up a new marriage model whereby people get married to enjoy life and wealth. The less educated are poor and do not have wealth to share with their spouses hence they turn to divorce. On the other hand, the educated are wealthy and can satisfy their spouses and give them happiness hence reducing divorce. The general social survey conducted a research in the year 2000 and found out that 49% of t he educated proposed tightening marriage laws while 48 % of the uneducated supported the law (Wilcox). Decline in divorce levels can be attributed to the level of education. The educated couples have information about the dangers of early marriages hence take time to marry. They also take long studying therefore they have no time for marriage. The less educated on the other hand, lack sex education and hence get involved in early marriages without knowledge of what marriage encompasses. They also do not go to school thus they get married earlier than their educated counterparts hence raising the chances of

Organizational Behavior, Integrative Paper Essay

Organizational Behavior, Integrative Paper - Essay Example ions, interpersonal conflict management strategies, how groups become teams, leadership different from management, and types of organizational structures. Strategic decisions differ form operational decisions in that strategic decisions deal with long term issues, while operational decisions cover the immediate or short term. Some examples of strategic decisions are decisions to purchase new equipment to implement upgrades, profitability decisions, capital investment decisions, and decisions on how to improve the market share of an enterprise. The executive management team of a company is responsible for the strategic decisions of a company. A few years ago I encountered at my job the difficulties associated with strategic and operational decisions. The crew of employees I was working with made a request for new equipment to be used immediately in the company. The use of the $30,000 machinery would reduce the completion time of the project by 50%. The overall project cost was going to be lower due to the labor savings. The team was very frustrated when the petition was denied. The justification for denying the request was that money w as being reserve to purchase new equipment in the summer of 2013. Our team was not able to produce like they could because the company preferred to save money for the long term strategic decisions than to invest money to improve the current operations of the firm. Strategic decisions are also important. For instance companies such as Microsoft when they release a new product they already have a plan ready on how to substitute the product once it reaches the declining stage of its product life cycle. Conflict in the workplace is an undesirable outcome that occurs due to the inevitable differences among human beings. Conflict occurs when two or more parties disagree over a substantial issue. One of the causes of conflict is people not being able to control their emotions. The four stages of conflict are antecedent conditions, felt

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Prices and Problem Solving Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Prices and Problem Solving - Case Study Example Williams, proceeded with it and it was then that Goudberg got in. It was then that they made several trips to the U.S. and that they met with Mr. Herniman which in the course would provide architectural services. It was in September of 2000 that Mr. Herniman got in to the scene. Accordingly, his firm was prepared to undertake a certain amount of preliminary work to assist Williams and Goudberg to get the project happening. In 2002, it was already considered by Williams that the concept was already starting to take its practical shape, but it was in the same year that the project (Industry Food Services Pty Ltd) was incorporated. There was no agreement reached with applebee and no capital was ever obtained. In consideration to the series of events, the work done or performed by both Williams and Goudberg can not in any way considered exploratory or preparatory, but it actually carried out as carrying on a business. In the event that the two were conducting market research, traveling to the U.S. and negotiating with applebee, it can not be concluded as conducting a business at the time that they entered into arrangement with Mr. Herniman. In the conclusion cited by Kellan, and reference with the definition of "partnership, as a relationship which subsist between persons carrying or business in common, with a view of profit." The view of Williams never took to its preliminary stages because as cited in the dispute, nothing really came out, all the activities rendered by both Williams and Goudberg were just exploratory or preparatory in nature. Factual circumstances does not point to any conclusion that there was partnership involved. Herniman, being the respondent was not able to establish that there was really a partnership because as cited "he had never performed any architectural preparations to the proposed project"(reading,2007) Accordingly, his team was prepared to understate a certain amount of preliminary work to assist Williams and Goudberg to get the project happening. Assignment Question 2 Problem Solving A business that is well conceived and well planned possesses certain inherent advantages. At the same time, the fact of its newness may have significant disadvantages(Hamilton 2005) One of these comes in the planning. The starting point of any program of a business is a careful estimate of requirements. The usual starting point of a business forecasts is the record of the immediate past, modified for foreseeable variation during the forecast period. The possibility of substantial errors of forecast is great. Unfortunately, the spirit of optimism which is the necessary accompaniment of new ventures in business tends to produce underestimates rather than overestimates. Lets take a look at one typical case of a business partnership that did not have any starting point of planning. The case of Ken and Maria. The start of their joint venture or partnership is an example of a business that did not have smooth take off. There are rules in establishing a partnership that they have overlooked. At the start, it seemed that Ken was the industrial partner, and Maria was the one who financed everything. Since the registered name of the business bear the names of both

Monday, September 23, 2019

Leading a Multicultural Team through a Change Process Research Paper

Leading a Multicultural Team through a Change Process - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that multicultural teams have become a common occurrence in the recent times and with the ease of cross-border mobility that is being experienced, people move from one country to another in rates that are increasing. This has developed intermarriages between the people that come from different cultural backgrounds where the children born grow up in different countries and have cultural identities that can be perceived to be a hybrid. Globalization and internationalization, as well as improvements in the transport and communication industry, have decreased the trade restrictions that traditionally existed which have increased interaction among people. There is a significant increase in the number of multicultural teams in organizations these days, which has to lead to the modern international literature identifying that the management of the cultural teams is an important attribute of human resource management. Studies have directed their at tention on the positive effects of employing multicultural teams are utilized since they are seen to be more efficient than the mono-culture teams in the situations that need more than a single skill and judgment. Leadership in the organizational work teams has developed to become one of the most common and quickly growing areas of the leadership theory and research where a group of a particular type that is composed of members who depend on each other and have mutual goals who must coordinate their activities to accomplish the tasks at hand.

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Response to short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response to short story - Essay Example Clearly, it is blind approval of the lottery that has made the lottery part and parcel of the villagers’ lives and perpetuates annual murders in the form of ritual performances in the small town. People are often intrinsically resistant to change and have become so submissive to their traditions that they fear a relapse into primordial times upon the stoppage of the lottery. The lottery has transformed the villagers into inhumane creatures that they find it normal to kill so as to satisfy the demands of tradition. Sadly, none of the villagers can give a substantial reason for holding the lottery and having to kill someone whenever they are called upon. This clearly exposes the unconscious self that is driven by the power of tradition rather than the reasoning mind. Suppose the killers would take even a minute to challenge their action perhaps no more deaths in the lottery would be experienced, but no one seems to dare questioning the tradition. To them it seems like their reason for living. Jacksons impugns the villagers’ reverence for this odd tradition by arguing that the villagers are even oblivious of the origin of the ritual that they hold so

Saturday, September 21, 2019

The meaning of life Essay Example for Free

The meaning of life Essay During our brief time, spinning on this ball of rock, dust and water, there are questions that haunt almost every person on Earth. Why are we here? What is our purpose? And, what is the meaning of our life? These questions have been rattling around in great minds since the beginning of history, and will continue on until mankind’s eventual extinction. Many people have pondered the relevance of their lives, but finding the true meaning is knowledge that is reserved only for God. Though these questions may never truly be answered, many philosophers, authors, academics and holy men have given this question their full attention. I will explore two of these great minds, compare their philosophies, and try my best to explain my own life’s philosophy. His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama The first man we will discuss is a world-renowned lover of peace and happiness; he has had a major motion picture made his life and its exploits, and is actually still alive to this day. His name is Tenzin Gyatso, otherwise known as His Holiness the Dalai Lama. The reason I chose the Dalai Lama, is because of the trials and difficulties he has endured. The Chinese forced him into exile from his home in Tibet to India because of his beliefs about peace. His strengths are admirable and he won the Nobel Peace Prize for attempting to free the Tibetan people from Chinese rule without violence (The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, n. d. ). The Dalai Lama’s theory on the meaning of life stems from Buddhist religion and I will do my best to convey this wisdom in my own words. According to the Dalai Lama’s philosophy on the purpose of life (n. d. ) â€Å"the purpose of life is to be happy† (The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama). That seems simple enough, right? That statement is essentially the very beginning of his writings on the meaning of life. He continues on to elaborate on how this seemingly easy task can be accomplished, and how one can attain a life of meaning through happiness. The way that I interpreted his teachings is that, at every human being’s core, we are all after one thing, and that is love. Love is something we crave from a very young age and that life’s meaning is derived from love and the acts of love that we all give and receive in our day-to-day lives. I also believe that the Dalai Lama’ s meaning of life teaches individuals to be dependent by nature, and that our relationships with those whom we associate ourselves are generally based on love (The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama, n. d. ). His Holiness believes that we gain our life’s purpose from our interpersonal relationships. These relationships can be our colleagues at work, teachers and fellow students at school. The Dalai Lama believes that our primary ambition in all of these relationships is to earn love. For example, at work we all strive to do our best in order to earn more money. However, for many of us, it is not the money we are after, but the esteem from our superiors and subordinates for a job well done. We want to feel valuable to that company, feel an importance, a cog within the great machine. I believe that deep down these feelings stem from our inborn need to be loved. While love is a fundamental part of the Dalai Lama’s philosophy, he also speaks of the role compassion plays in our lives. The Dalai Lama teaches that life’s meaning can be attained through true compassion, which should be derived from reason, not emotions, and that it should never waiver; regardless of whether a person is being negative or positive toward you (The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, n. d). Aristotle The second philosopher we will discuss is one of the most notable to come out of the Ancient Greek Empire, Aristotle. Aristotle is to the day one of the most globally recognized philosophers, and was a student of Plato and teacher to Alexander the Great. I chose the philosopher Aristotle because his ethical beliefs are good ones to live by in order to obtain the meaning of life. His studies give off the impression that he knows the answer to the question, why? I was unfamiliar with his direct philosophies, but my research allowed the ability to understand his point of view. Aristotle’s works focus primarily on theoretical, practical and productive sciences. He â€Å"identifies the highest good with intellectual virtue; that is, a moral person is one who cultivates certain virtues based on reasoning† (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2005). He was extremely knowledgeable and able to absorb enough of an understanding of these sciences to be able to interpret how life worked in a way to achieve happiness. Using his theories of practical science, Aristotle was able to establish explanations relating to the actions and conducts of individuals within society (Cohen, 2008). He could easily comprehend how society clicked and how the individuals within society adapted. Productive sciences are those relating to the crafts of individuals, what they produce, and how they have evolved. By using the basis of these three sciences, Aristotle was able to establish a sense of ethics and rules of logic. He educated individuals throughout society to spread his beliefs and his understandings of the way of life. Aristotle used many factors when coming to an understanding about the philosophy of life. His main philosophy pertains to living one with nature and relating to society by simply being happy. He compares being happy to being Godlike; however, happiness is not just being happy, but instead living a life that teaches you to be happy by living virtuously (Aristotle, 350 B. C. E). Aristotle understood the meaning of life and would live and teach with that understanding. The choices individuals would make pertain to the ultimate goal of achieving actual happiness. This happiness triggers an unknown pleasure within an individual and essentially becomes a desire and drives one to maintain that happiness. With his education of theoretical, practical and physical sciences, Aristotle was able to make sense of it all. His beliefs of obtaining happiness were collected together by using knowledge and pure goodness. He felt as if knowledge, like happiness, needed to be learned through education and life experience. Aristotle believed that, â€Å"there is nothing in the intellect that was not first in the senses,† meaning that our knowledge is mainly absorbed through our experiences (Turner, 1907). To Aristotle, happiness cannot just be found; one has to be able to live their lives in a virtuous way to obtain honor and the greater good. Individuals need to understand what the reality of what happiness is and how to be a rational being in order to obtain it (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2005). His meanings and interpretations have made a significant influence to many and still continue to influence and educate. Both, the Dalai Lama and Aristotle share similar feelings relating to their philosophies of life. The main objective for the both of them is essentially to obtain pure happiness through compassion and pleasure. The Dalai Lama strives to use love and peace to reach this goal, where on the other hand, Aristotle uses virtue and knowledge. They imply to live a life that one would be proud of, taking the trials that life gives to you and turning them into an experience and strive towards happiness and love. My Philosophy My own life’s philosophy is probably pretty cliche, but I firmly believe that if something makes you happy, do more of it, and that one must work to live and not live to work. I believe that if all you do is work then you miss out on all of the things the world has to offer outside of whatever structured work environment you may be a part of. That is not to say that some people do not love their work and that for them their work is their purpose. I think that is what everyone should strive for, but I believe that once work takes precedence over your family, your friends, and most of all your happiness, then it threatens all you’re working for. I have seen this in too many career soldiers, and unfortunately, myself. I can admit that my steadfast attention on work during my last deployment was without a doubt, a contributing factor in a failed relationship. Since that time in my life, I have become determined not to let that happen again, and to let happiness be my purpose in life. Earlier I said that if something makes you happy, do more of it. This means that if you love to sing, but can’t carry a tune, then sing. If you love to work on cars, but can’t find the time, make time. For me, it is making people laugh, I love to do it, and so I will! Life is cruelly short, so let’s all find just a little time to do what makes us happy. In comparison with the Dalai Lama, I feel that my philosophy is quite similar. We both feel that life’s meaning is directly derived from happiness. He feels that we gain this happiness from love and those that surround us, while I feel that we have additional happiness to gain in life if we could just find the time to do the things that make us happy. I feel that my philosophy differs from his in the area of work. I believe that you must work to live and that your work should not come before those you love, yourself or whatever it is you work for. As for Aristotle’s philosophy and my own, I believe that his theory on using virtue and honor to obtain happiness is very accurate. I too believe that living a life filled with honor can lead to a sense of pride that is able to coincide with being happy. I also support his opinion on happiness leading to pleasure. Being happy is like an addiction and the more happiness that you attain, the more that you strive for. However, Aristotle also believes that happiness corresponds to making decisions backed by knowledge and experience. I somewhat disagree and believe that life experience does not necessarily have to be a main factor pertained to happiness. If you want to be happy, then just be, and live your life honestly and virtuously. The main things that I have learned from the teachings of the Dalai Lama that I would like to apply to my own life, is that happiness is the meaning of our life’s and that we should show patience and compassion towards everyone no matter what. If even 25% of the world could manage that, we would not be in the state of constant war we’ve been in for the past decade. I would also like to take away his capacity for love, I think his philosophy of life involving love is inspiring and makes me want to live a more peaceful, loving life. Aristotle on the other hand, has taught me to be more open-minded to knowledge and experience. To take in an experience as a lesson learned instead of just another day on the calendar and to just appreciate every moment, good or bad, and use it to the best of your advantage. References Aristotle. (350 B. C. E). Nicomachean ethics. Trans. W. D. Ross. Retrieved from: http://classics. mit. edu/Aristotle/nicomachaen. 1. i. html Cohen, M. (2008). Aristotle. Retrieved from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/aristotle/ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2005). Aristotle (384—322 BCE). Retrieved from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://www. iep. utm. edu/aristotl/ The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama (n. d. ). A brief biography. Retrieved from: http://www. dalailama. com/biography/a-brief-biography Turner, W. (1907). Aristotle. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved April 17, 2012 from New Advent: http://www. newadvent. org/cathen/01713a. htm.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Feminism and its impact on society

Feminism and its impact on society Feminism is one of the basic movements for human liberty (Schneir, 1996: xi) a feminist role in society is to actively recognize the need for, and work towards creating equality for all women. Feminism is purely a movement which intends to enlighten people with a goal of improving gender equality and strengthening womens status in society. Geographers began to study feminism in the late 1970s as a resistance against sexism. Since the late 1970s to 90s, the work of many feminist geographers have explored the connections between gender and geography, and has challenged gender inequalities in both geographical discourse and knowledge about the world (Blunt, A Wills J 2000. Pg 91). Feminist geography is a more advanced approach within human geography, it addresses the various ways in which genders and geographies are mutually constituted (Pratt, 1994: 94). Feminist geography questions the patriarchal and hierarchical assumptions on which geography is based, and highlights the oppression and difficulty women face through gender inequality. The Feminist theory is concerned with analysing and explaining as well as changing gendered power relations. Our society is characterized by differences in power and status of two groups: men and women. Men inevitably have more power and status than women; this results in their interests being reinforced by patriarchy. We live in a patriarchal society that accepts as essentially unproblematic the routine beating, raping, and murder of women. (Batzell, R 2009) Feminist theories has inspired critical work across the humanities, social sciences and natural sciences that seeks to disrupt the gender imbalance of power that exists both within and beyond the academy (Alison, Blunt 2000). Feminists also claim that many cultural beliefs in contemporary society benefit men and ultimately disadvantage women. Therefore their fundamental aim is to reverse this disadvantaged role women play in society. Feminism spans all ideologies, activities, and policies whose goal it is to remove discrimination against women and to break down the male domination of society (Lovenduski and Randall, 1993: 2) Associations between gender and geography as a discipline will be further explored, illustrating how production of geographical knowledge has been gendered. Gender represents differences between womens and mens attitudes, behaviour and opportunities that depend upon socially constructed views of femininity and masculinity. The term gender is preferred to that of sex, which is restricted to the anatomical distinction between the sexes rather than social differences. (McDowell, 1986: 170) Gender is a social relation that positions men and women differently in society. Feminists may argue that there is a hierarchy of power held directly by men who are in a more advantageous position in society, because of their gender. Gender is a part of an individuals identity; it influences what we think about ourselves, people and also our relationship with other people (Blunt, A Wills, J 2000 Pg 92). To be born male or female does not imply masculinity and femininity; rather ideologies about masculinity and femininity are socially constructed. This is further supported by (de Beauvoir, 1949) One is not born but rather becomes a woman. These social constructions are very crucial in shaping the everyday lives of men and women. Socialist feminist geographers (also known as Marxist feminists) look at the way in which the structuring of space creates and continues to maintain traditional gender roles and relationships in society and how spatial variations in gender impact where an industry locates. Employers locate to areas where there is an availability of cheap female labour, and the quantity of this type of labour. However this can vary over regions and nations. Their message also emphasizes that true equality cannot be achieved and will be difficult to attain without a major revolution, in particular an economic one, as power and capital are distributed unevenly in the capitalist society we have today. Women are often stereotyped as domestic workers, consumers and care workers and these ideas are mostly associated with femininity. This type of employment is often seen to be less worthy and deserving of a high pay and less respected than traditional masculine roles. There seems to be a tendency to value and remunerate women less for their work as they enter a profession. It is not fair for women to individually work so that they can rise to powerful positions in society. It is acceptable to say that power needs to be redistributed throughout society. In contrast, ideas about full-time employment and citizenship beyond the home are often shaped by ideas of masculinity; this is reflected by the notion of men to be suitable to certain spheres of work and participation in public life rather than women. (Massey 1996, cited in Blunt Wills 1993). Gender inequality can be witnessed everywhere through the masculine spaces of mines and city workers, down to the feminized spaces of garment factories and primary teaching. However these gender roles and relations are ever changing, and to reiterate they are socially constructed as well as dynamic rather than permanent and static from birth. Inequality also lays heavily in the difference in pay between men and women. As a recent study found that simply being a woman was the most serious impediment to women in the workplace (reportageonline.com), women working full-time earn on average 16.4% less per hour than men working full-time. Other figures show women working part-time earn on average 35.3% less per hour than men working full-time (based on mean hourly pay in 2009; data from EHRC, 2010). The difference in earnings is created through the gender segregation of occupations and women being discriminated against. Furthermore the lower paid work is usually carried out by the females as there is a gender stereotype for women to take responsibility of certain jobs. There is also an under-representation of women in vocational work and in large firms. Nevertheless, Gender has come a long way, and in recent years has dynamically changed as now more women are paid fairly in employment Feminism on a whole has had a positive impact on society it has been a dramatically successful social movement. It has changed womens expectations and perspectives on their lives. In the past, women would have to marry to gain financial security and stability. Women are now working and more independent than ever, by earning their own living, they do not need to rely on a man for stability. Sue Sharpe (1976, 1994) has conducted research into this area and in the first edition of her book Just Like A Girl (1976) she interviewed girls and asked them about their future plans, which were to get married and have children. A career was not seen as important neither a high priority. She later repeated her research in the 1990s and found that the girls priorities had changed; their careers came first and marriage and children were not as important anymore. Women now have far more choice, variety and opportunities compared to the past. Feminism has also transformed what men expect from sharing their lives with women and how they will behave towards women. Children growing up now simply take for granted feminisms messages about sexual equality and justice when only 30 years ago such messages were widely opposed as extremist and threatening to the social order. No other movement has so rapidly revolutionized such deeply held patterns of behaviour (Coward, 1999: 194) Finally, in response to wider social shifts, the aspirations of girls may have also increased. Thus girls now may have their sights set on university and a career and this may translate into increased engagement with school. Recent reforms have opened opportunities to women most notably the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, which made gender discrimination in employment illegal. women still suffer many injustices, discriminations and sometimes even outrages but there is no longer a coherent picture of male advantage and female disadvantage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Gender remains a crucial division in society but in a much more fractured and inconsistent way (Coward, 1999: 192-3) The key message of feminism in the 21st century society should highlight choice in bringing a personal meaning to feminism is to recognise others right to do the exact same thing. Women all over the world nationally, regionally and globally should be able to embrace this powerful message of feminism and be able to create a positive meaning of their own womanhood and femininity. However, despite feminism being a strong successful movement, inequality and exploitation of women still exist and sadly there are women today, who are trapped in a society which doesnt value them and leaves them neither choice nor freedom to express their views and rights.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Sexual Assault and Child Abuse Essay -- Compare Contrast

There are many different types of victims we have discussed over the course of this class, but we’re only going to talk about two types in the following paper. These two types of victims are common just as any another victim across America. These include sex assault victims and child abuse victims, which are both primary victims in cases. The two share a tie together, both are a victim of abuse and can cause lifelong consequences, but they also pose many differences as well. Many questions arise when talking about victims, for example why is a child or adult being abused and what are the life altering affects to these actions. Throughout this paper we discuss both sexual assault victims and child abuse victims and compare and contrast between the two. We’ll start with child abuse victims and the affects and reasons of this abuse. There are four types of child abuse and I will list them in order from least to greatest, neglect, physical, sexual and emotional abuse. Neglect takes first with the NCVS having 54% reports of child neglect in 2007. Neglect is a very serious form of abuse it is the failure for a parent or guardian to provide for a child’s basic needs, including physical and educational needs. We grow and development drastically in the first twelve years of our life so when parental guidance and love is absent it affects a child’s developmental skills along with learning right from wrong. Many forms of neglect occur in larger households and with households with domestic violence. Many parents with multiple kids become too busy focusing on the older children they tend to forget the youngest one. So it’s common for a three year old to walk out of the front door and on to the street when no one is there to tell him or... ...formation about Domestic Violence and Services: http://www.domesticviolenceservices.com/rape.html †¢ †¢ Karmen, A. (2013). Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning. †¢ †¢ Kilpatrick, D. G. (2000). The Mental Health Impact of Rape. Retrieved from National Violenc Against Women Prevention Research Center: http://www.musc.edu/vawprevention/research/mentalimpact.shtml †¢ †¢ Rainn. (2009). Effects of Sexual Assault. Retrieved from Rape, Abuse and Incest National Netwrok: http://www.rainn.org/get-information/effects-of-sexual-assault †¢ †¢ Shannon. (2007). Was it my fault? Self-Blame and Survivors. Retrieved from Pandora's Project: http://www.pandys.org/articles/selfblameandsurvivors.pdf> †¢ †¢ RAINN.org. (2009). Types of sexual violence. Retrieved from: http://www.rainn.org/get-information/types-of-sexual-assault.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Grape Growing :: Botany

Grape Growing Plants have been the most important objects which people have borrowed from their neighbors in their business of advancing civilization. All the high civilizations have been built up upon cereal grasses, barley, wheat, rice, and maize. The introduction of the potato from the Andes to the Old World brought a series of major economic and social revolutions, and examples of the same kind are many. But the case of grape-vine, Vitis vinifera, is a special and peculiar one. Its wine is not a necessity of any people's diet, yet it has colonized the greater part of those climatic zones which are congenial to it, and it has done so, very often to the detriment of the people's essential food supplies. There have been three principle forces for this, spleen, religion, and profit. First, the human condition being what it is, only a very small number of very primitive tribes have failed to develop some intoxicant to help man face the facts of life. Poppy juice, toxic fungi, the dried flowers of a coccus, the leaves of coco bush, but neither of them can compare in economic and social importance with alcohol. And the wine of the grape has long been the least concerning medium in which alcohol can be taken and the least liable to dangerous abuse. Secondly, the strange power of intoxicants to release the human spirit from the control of mind led to their being regarded with superstitious awe. Their use became a religious rite and this was the case of wine, as of others. In the sixth century B.C., Orphism gave a new, long and civilized lease of power to the formerly savage and barbarous religion of Dionysus; the use of wine in the rites entered into the later religious of the Mediterranean peoples; and Christianity, by the encharistic use of wine, borrowed from elder cults, carried the religious significance of wine-drinking forward into the two Christian civilizations, the Greek and the Latin. The massive conservation of these two branches of Christianity accomplished what no other social force could have done--maintained the religious attribute of an intoxicant into a sophisticated technological epoch. Thirdly, the cash yield per acre-man-hour of viticulture has nearly always been from three to ten times as great as that from any other kind of fanning or gardening. However, in fact, two forces working against the vine, one natural, the other social, have limited the spread of vineyards even further.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Equity :: Papers

Equity In 1066 when William the conqueror came to England the law was very different from today. Itinerant judges who would travel around the country settling any disputes administrated it. They started out using local laws and applying these to cases before them. However, the Normans were keen to develop a law which they could apply to the whole country, a law which would be common to every one. So they gathered what was considered to be the best of different local laws and developed a common law. Soon though many problems were found with common law. It soon became too ridged. Two of the main problems with common law were, that it didn’t offer sufficient remedies and, a civil action could only be taken by use of a â€Å"writ.† A writ was used to set out the cause of the action and the grounds for the claim. The writ became a problem because it had to be made to fit and existing writ. To start with a new writ was created when a suitable previous case could not be found however, it was soon stopped and no new writs could be issued. This meant that some cases were unable to be pursued, as an existing writ that suited the case could not be found. This made many people unhappy with the common law system. The other main reason people were unhappy with the common law system is that insufficient remedies were offered in some cases. The only remedy available was damages, this meant compensation, which was not always satisfactory. As a result of these problems many people became increasingly dissatisfied with the common law system. More and more people began to petition to the king as a â€Å"fountain of justice† for a more suitable

“An American Indian Wilderness” by Louis Owens Essay

In Louis Owens’ essay â€Å"An American Indian Wilderness† the author projects a self-reflective and, in the end, pessimistic persona. As a young man Owens works as a park ranger in the American Wilderness of Washington State. He has the task of burning down an old log shelter in the wilderness, to return the surrounding area back to its natural state. After completing his task, he meets two elderly Indian women, who tell him that their father had built the shelter in the previous century. He suddenly feels ashamed about what he had just done; however, the two women forgive him and he starts to understand the Indian philosophy in regards to â€Å"Mother Nature† and his own detachment with it. In the first half of the story, Owen recalls that he â€Å"felt good and smug† about the job he had just completed, because he was â€Å"returning the wilderness to its original state.† He writes that it was a task he â€Å"heartily approved of.† His feelings change after he meets the two elderly Indian women, as he learns that their father had also been a park ranger, as well as a descendant from the original Indian inhabitants of the â€Å"Indian country† he is working in. The two women seem â€Å"ancient† to him, probably wise as well and one with nature. They still know about the relationship that humans used to have with nature, before the Europeans â€Å"introduced the wilderness† to America. As Owens’ tone turns darker, he realizes that he too â€Å"had succumbed to a 500 year old pattern of deadly thinking that separates us [humans] from the natural world.† He realizes that the term â€Å"wilderness† is an â€Å"absurdity† and that there really had been no â€Å"wilderness† before the Europeans came to the land. The upbeat tone from the beginning of the text turns into a self-reflective analysis, which ultimately turns into pessimism about the future of the human civilization. As the mood of the story turns, the white  snow turns into a â€Å"drumming rain†; he mentions that he understands â€Å"painfully† what the Indian inhabitants always knew – that we as humans are part of nature, but that we are not living that way anymore. Owens’ persona becomes most pessimistic at the end of the text, when he writes, â€Å"Unless all human beings can learn to imagine themselves intimately and inextricably related to ever aspect of the world they inhabit, the earth will simply not survive.† He seems disillusioned about the chance we humans have, if we keep fencing in â€Å"Mother Nature† and turn her into a recreational aspect of our lives, rather than being part of the whole, as the original Indians used to be. We as humans should take this very seriously and stop ourselves from expanding our â€Å"American Wilderness† farther and farther, pushing nature more and more away from us. Owens’ as the ‘Lone Ranger’ understands the intricate balance between us and nature and that at some point â€Å"The Great Mother† will either fight back or die forever.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Creativity, psychology and the history of scienc Essay

Children are the most interesting people on earth to sit and watch at play. Their minds are so open to the endless possibilities that allow them to entertain each other for hours on end. Some children play house or pretend to be a mommy with a baby doll, and others pretend to be truck drivers or mechanics. There is always the inevitable play of doctor and nurse, and it is amazing at how much their little minds absorb in just a short amount of time. Adults have sometimes closed off the creative portal in their minds in order to stay focused on more important issues like marriage, work, paying bills, and making it to the gym three times a week. These routines leave little time for play or creativity, but everyone possesses the ability to be creative. Some individuals are more gifted and comfortable with expressing their creativity in positive ways. Some levels of creativity are so amazing that they last a lifetime. In a recent television interview, a country music singer commented on a recent speech given by the President of the Untied States. He quoted the President as having stated that some people have simply made enough money. This was more than an ironic statement to make considering that the United States is in the middle of a horrible economic recession. The country music singer further added that what if some people stopped their lives when they had reached a certain financial level. It was then pointed out that the now deceased actor, Danny Thomas, had taken his money and coupled it with the creative idea to open a hospital just for children who had cancer (Potter, 2009). This ambition was to accomplish the goal of treating every child with cancer without turning anyone away. The hospital is now a well recognized name, Saint Jude’s Children’s Hospital. Creativity comes from the minds of individuals who allow themselves to think beyond the realms of the societal norm. In the above instance, Danny Thomas wanted to share and to give PSYCHOLOGY 3 back to his community. In other words, he wanted to share his wealth in a way that would benefit everyone and not just himself (Davila, Epstein, & Shelton, 2007). His level of creativity afforded him the opportunity to solve the financial and emotional burdens of many parents of children suffering from cancer. It also provided children with the hope of getting better. If more individuals allowed for their creative flow to emerge beyond their own minds, there are many problems that may find resolution. Society has become too convinced to follow the herd rather than to think for themselves (Gruber & Bodeker, 2005). New innovations in medicine, counseling, education, and everyday living could all stand to benefit from the creative idea of one person. Freud was a creative thinker despite his own public ridicule. The field of medicine has benefited from genetic testing that now allows parents to prepare for an unborn child who may be born with a chromosomal defect. Teachers have developed new ways of teaching children with learning disabilities so that they can be later mainstreamed into regular classes. Everyone was born with a mind that allows them to think freely. Creativity is just one of the benefits of being human. Instead of hiding the creativity from within, why not allow it to emerge and grow. Problems could be solved and lives could be changed. Ultimately, it is up to the individual as to how and when the creativity can awaken, but psychologically, it is a gift that should not be overlooked. References Davila, T. , Epstein, M. , & Shelton, R. (2007). The creative enterprise: culture. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. Gruber, H. , & Bodeker, K. (2005). Creativity, psychology and the history of science. Netherlands: Springer Publishing. Potter, S. (2009). Tennessee (5th ed. ). Jackson, TN: Avalon Travel Publishing.