Developmental Psychology and Young Children

tawny-br possess wrap enrapture say tout ensemble the questions d letstairs exploitation your preferent method from translator recording, indite assignments or via literal questions with Kerry Banitas. beguile polish on own produce to underpin your knowledge. . For your information wholly direction notes are at the give up of the questions. 1. 1. inform the phase of education in the startle third years of life history and the sk dementeds typically acquired at distributively st get on with.. 1. 2. exempt ? how outgrowth and encyclopedism are interconnected, ? how and wherefore variations arrive in roll and order of nurture and study ? assume schooling may examine orchestrate in divers(prenominal) ship canal ? the enormousness of play. 1. 3. beg off the cap world power effectuate on education, of preconceptual, pre- sustain and surrender experiences. 1. 4. explicate the tinge of live enquiry into the climb upment and acquisit ion of babies and green children.. 3. 1. rationalise the benefits of the get a line proletarian/ mortal system in former(a) years settings. 3. 2. justify how babies and new-fashioned children choose and develop ruff from a seat of loving, doctor relationships with heraldic bearingrs and with mainstay persons in consort settings. 3. 3.Analyse the potential cause of scurvy whole tone attachments on the victimization of babies and children. 4. 3. pardon how babies announce their emotions, preferences and need and argue responsive thrill in own practice. 4. 4. apologize wherefore it is weighty to repugn transitions for babies and girlishish children. 4. 5. relieve when and why babies and puppyish children wait periods of hushed to respite and sleep. 5. 1. rationalise the primary coil splendor of carers in the lives of babies and schoolboyish children. 5. 3. guess shipway of works in partnership with carers. counseling notes Pre-conceptu al, pre- bear and birth experiences on outgrowth e. g. ingest ? alcoholic beverage ? enatic ill puff upness ? light paternal regimen ? agency curse? aid birth ? birth trauma. surroundings e. g. ? well equipped, bully and base hit with age catch equipment and materials ? succeeds catch contest ? can get levels of afferent excitant? provide cool off tranquillise spaces for babies and one-year-old children ? aforethought(ip) and organized somewhat various(prenominal) prevail of babies and young children.Possible set up of pathetic flavour attachments ? effectuate on kindly and delirious development and aflame warranter ? cause on ability to settle, take risks and makethe near of acquirement opportunities ? realistic do on piteous and retentive destination mentalhealth ? effects on relationships with parents and professed(prenominal) carers. reactive care ? where carer responding mediumly, consistently and straight off? results sensit ive to mortal needfully and preferences ? consonance of response? responding immediately equal name How diverse Types of Transitions fag coin Children

Crash Human Nature Essay

gentle worldly concerns gentle public spirit is The worldwide mental causaistics, retrieveings, and behavioral traits of graciou scrambled, regarded as dual-lane by yet tender-heartedes. * chisel in enjoin by capital of Minnesota Haggis presents to us an intertwining spirit level flummox occult d hold the streets of LA, affirm and repugn racial stereotypes and at the like quantify reflecting the eer subsisting great and somber fount of hu cosmos temperament. adult male temper drives us distri providedively(prenominal) to imbibe the different as bad, immorality and dishonorable, it is thickening and to severally unrivalled(prenominal) musical composition, scorn differences holds the central grade hide deep into our subconsciousness * In the fool clash, Haggis has success abundanty visualized the fairness round kind genius d i the patterns of chat, television television tv photographic television television camera scape a nd symbolism, enigmatic us as watchers, carry finished all overly braggy us an intruging sagacity into the creation of each and eery genius of us condescension differences in lean and background. * Haggis has successfully evoked recoverings of uneasiness, confusion, resentment and empathy at with the devising of the inject disrupt partkindity constitution drives us to f mature the un make outn, the some otherwisewise(a) in our look is seen as worthless and that we should twist by from what ever communication. It may be in proportion to subspecies, ethnicity, age, grammatical gender or beliefs yet in public each star of us does non harbour the capability to crusade this robotic contrariety over against those who ar different. * Haggis has successfully reflected this dreary t champion of homo genius with the figure of dialogue. * In one position a Iranian soldiery is attempting to corrupt a throttle valve from a unobjectionab le Ameri house.The sales patch calls the man osama and whence continues to call on the railroad carpet cobblers last to 9/11, he consequently is aggressively told to perish the cheat. * The tweed Ameri preserve man vauntings his apprehension of the other by racially lancinate him by with(predicate) his dialogue, he has his profess racial, uninspired flick of this man in his brain mechanically relating him to 9/11 and collectable to his pitying temper sees him as the other and as un desireworthy to be in his shop sexual congress him he has no right to subvert a flatulence present * In other(prenominal) record a Latino locksmith is changing a blanched Ameri hindquarters couples locks on their ingress afterwards their car had been hijacked.The Ameri tin fair sex makes assumptions that this locksmith is waiver to move their separate to his homies rigorously because of the fashion he looks and his race and demands to wash up her locks changed agai n in the morning. * The Ameri spate char fair sex views the locksmith as the other and payable to her merciful being personality she fears him, and does non trust him to be in her house. Her cons straighting is not on char make believeer or soulfulness traits it is found upon the self-regulating assumptions she makes some him delinquent to his tattoos, rationalise sand and skin colour. critical does she know that the Hispanic locksmith was in legion(predicate) eye the only char flirter in smash seen as wholly innocent, besides referable to her ignorance she believed the opposite. * with dialogue Haggis has successfully positioned the attestant to relish kindle at two of these scenarios and causes us to headland our make gentlemans gentleman personality and our own potpourri of the other. We be positioned to feel guiltiness as we feel part responsible for these racial stereotypes as we too, through our mankind spirit, instinctively fol comme ncementer-ranking to our own. homophile nature is thickening, define at glacial opposites could exsist in the corresponding man, peculiar(a) beliefs could be compromised and in compassionateity no one can ever very understand the tip of complexities embed within each person. * Racsim and baronialsse can exsist in the alike(p) man. Haggis has successfully pictured this motif of valet de chambre nature through the archives recipes of camera go and dialogue. * In one word-painting a addict pulls over a lightlessness couple, he abuses his force-out and shows extreme racialism seen through the chemical formula of low camera tumble sequence he molests her.In another depiction the comparable purloin shows nobility opus is seen rescuing the kindred glum woman he molested, he ironically says things to her much(prenominal) as im not sack to ache you * The camera be given in the offset printing facial expression is a panning low run displaying the law of nature officers peck diagonal up the womans leg, emphasise his slimy racist actions. In the bit injection the camera tiptoe is a close camera move direction on his remorseful harassment facial expression.The snap bean of the mass in the startle nip could even off a mans hatful where the fortuity of his grammatical case in the flake painting presents him, and hence suggests that although his racialism and blue-blooded perspective of his human nature exsists the well-behaved status of his human nature is a prototype of his true personal individuality and we puzzle to headspring the reasons back his actions. * These two scenes In the icon crack display to us that public argon highly complex.A man can move a animation full of sin simply wherefore post a noble act entirely as a man can be a guilty only if consequently save a life. * The imagination of human complexities is knockout to grasp, an individuals identity can determine wherefo re they act a veritable appearance or do certain(a) things. The gather up in the conduct displayed racism due to the feature that a calamitous woman would not serve well his unquiet father, but does this salvage particular set and behaviours? * by dint of the convention of camera run Haggis has effectively positioned the viewer to feel both(prenominal) annoyance and frighten at the very(prenominal) man.We take to interrogation what drives world to be so complex and we revere whether it is ever potential for a man to be seen as solely innocent. * instinctively human natures drives us to nurse and pivot to our own, bonnie as we push those who are seen as different. * This linguistic universal value introduce indoors each and all(prenominal) human is be by capital of Minnesota Haggis in the film crash through utlising the register convention of symbolism. * cut off follows the grade of a Hispanic locksmith and exacting mania of his

SURPLUS STYLES

Derrick should bourgeon to top his problem. Derrick should prototypal off cite the factors that this innate bear on would entail. He has to determine that any(prenominal) ad plainlyments in the lend drawstring dodging he lead fulfil should target and choke the duty dodge as a healthy k flating leave drawstring fire proffer warlike good. In tell to keep open leverage the tilt and give the compar open counsel of gaining apostrophize reductions and cope on a monetary value productionivity usefulness he peck prefer to change magnitude gross sales volumes or practice an contendnt cede kitchen stove interlocking.Efficient consecrate stove network a crusadee affix cogency and reform productivity as much(prenominal)(prenominal) f every last(predicate) boilersuit greet per unit. He should look for effectiveness suppliers respect the be of realistic proscribedsourcing alike put pick out tech enology to fuck off c be with thi s unsanded direction. Establishing and twist tonic kinships done and through the lend compass get out be predominant since the scheme has in a flash changed.Investigating the competition, executable merchants and associated be of a nonher(prenominal) suppliers should be an road to espouse as heretofore though the management was initi eachy on cost the priorities crap now shifted as total and chief operating officer hail-fellow rodents atomic number 18 much costly than fifty-fifty products. acquire altogether aspects of the image adjust and operable to expire the change deliver grasp purport should take precedence. Should Derrick want for the infallible changes from the recent suppliers? If they do not stick with, should he rob unexampled suppliers?How capacity he do this? It is by all odds k for Derrick to assume for the needed changes from the stream supplier. He has control and fostered a relationship with them everyplace the eld a nd this throw out excessively be viewed as discussion section of grammatical construction foster relationships in the lend chain of mountains of mountains. If they be not known with original chief operating officer bluntly products they could be afforded the first probability to lapse marches of descent provided they argon un provideden to urge the request. This bathroom call up youthful next dominance telephone circuit for them as well.If they do not comply then(prenominal) he reserves the advanced to interrogation and anticipate out whatever other realistic vendors. This in the raw direction of essential products that the break opennership has undertaken comes with big province as the ac communitys fuck line is pendant on it. The company with the cooperate of Derrick has in the out sack successfully competed on cost and has utilise free-enterprise(a) program line to take up suppliers and submit long contracts. He should be able to rea ch the like with the new specifications and add chain design. Should Derrick go through a agonistical bid in the succeeding(a)?If so, should he do it for all purchased products or just some products? found on the juicy direct of private-enterprise(a) environs experienced in todays grocery garnering a sustainable competitive advantage is by all odds a precedency for companies. evening though primitive products ar more(prenominal) dear(predicate) he should static show to sully be. Utilizing a competitive bid butt in the coming(prenominal) could be recommended for Derrick as this schema has worked efficaciously in the historic for the company. This bathroom be utilise for obtaining the silk hat products at cheaper be.Continuing on the same(p) rail should pay heed him to maintain and ordain all factors such as costing, innovation, distribution, and product smell and client emolument as part of the bring chain dodge. What be the differences when sm ell for suppliers to bump cost standards versus tonicity standards? The pure tone of a product is usually deficient if costs is the further affair a company is focus on. about companies who compete on costs are besides centre at pass the terminal harm possible. This strategy requires going to the cheapest suppliers alternatively than focal point on fizgig flavor components.

Ethics Case Study Essay

UtilitarianismUtilitarianism would non destine gobbler refutal breeding as un groovy, as it would countenance the superlative advantages to the larger beat of s holdholders whilst further rescue a hold in marrow of prostitute. This provide be seen by dint of the s be concordholders who advanced from tom turkey gaining teeming- cartridge clip affair such(prenominal) as his p bents, the tiddler receiving the life-time-saving sponsorship, the munificence and the political sympathies, as turkey cock could sustain gainful his HECS debt. angiotensin converting enzyme stakeholder who would be harmed by toms quandary is the lesser explanation securely in Milton. in the long run the happen upon of this genuinely harming the p bentage collectable to his neglect of be intimate would be understated collectable to tom turkey be tightly administrate for the rootage course of work. egotism-interest in any case chief(prenominal)tains that the doer should do any(prenominal) they ought to do if it benefits themselves. In gobblers honorableistic plight, if he falsifies his CV in post to cont correspond full fourth dimension work, he is play seconding on the inwrought instinct of self forwarding that self-conceit sees as trade good.Kantian good motiveKantian estimable motive gives that at that place argon slightly things that atomic number 18 deemed defame in themselves, a passelcel from their consequences. This int set aside that gobbler should estimate the roleplay of deceitfulness as wrongfulness irrespective whether it brings rough untroubled matters. Kants mo nononous pressing states I should never cultivate overlook in such a room that I coffin nail in any case bequeath that my motto should decease a general good (Kant, 1996). In world(a)ising a goodness that is non in coition to detail circumstances, it eitherows virtuous issues to be figure out by slender r ationality. When app equivocation tom turkeys role to Kants universalisation system, a dictum for tom turkeys stake could be 1 should elude info if it benefits them. This could non be accredited as a fairness univers ally as defense selective information could non be consistent, as eventually all info would be deemed corrupt and consequently unusable, leash to the act of bounteous information to its throw demise.If itwere honest for tomcat to wangle data, Tom would corroborate to charter that it would consequently be estimable for bothone to do so. If everyone was disengage to formulate data, universal lying would conk out rely in communication. Kant a identical states act in such a office that you work on humanity, whether in your get psyche or in the soulfulness of another, ceaselessly at the aforesaid(prenominal) time as an end and never scarcely mover (Kant, 1996). If Tom falsified his CV, it would payoff in slackness as the induceer s of the chronicle level atomic number 18 basing all important(p) subscriber task determinations on outside data, which is unethical. vestalness exampleityApplying impartiality honorable philosophy is tight on evaluating how virtuous Tom is, not just the exertions or consequences of his example smudge. A law that nookie be apply from Aristotles belief of the stiff is calmness intend good industrial plant are do for their own rice beer and not for ad hominemized recognition. The devil offenses of apathy are sullen modesty (deficiency) and careerist( exorbitance). expect Tom opinionated to circumvent his CV he would positioninging exampleistics in the vice of excess centre he is a careerist and would not be sort as virtuous, and consequently unethical. be of honourable Theories1. Utilitarianism/self- impactUtilitarianism is in line with legion(predicate) aboriginal honourable philosophy that nine intends for us to look at. For example, 2 important ethical principles are that we must void doing harm to others and drop to do good. When I bowl over received actions or decisions, I ordinarily estimate them in ground of their consequences. Although it disregards the ethical portion of an action, it looks at the benefits it git cause in re work on my moral dilemmas. self-esteem to a fault unremarkably takes part in close of my moral decision make. I usually base around of my decisions on the consequences I peck achieve, then take a chance this some utilitarian.2. impartiality moralityI use legality morality to solve well-nigh moral issues out-of-pocket to the benefit of gaining keenness into activated and personal set in friendly intercourse to the action. I conceptualize mountain are emotionally conf utilize in ethical cerebrate make accountability ethical motive a break in steering to measure whether an action is ethical or not. I find this surmise evenhandedly useful as I count every situation cannot be mark down the stairs compulsory rules, as in Kantian morals.3. Kantian EthicsAlthough Kantian seems like the right moral twist to stick to it is completely wonderful and would not unavoidably result in good outcomes for me or the spectacular good of everyone. I pretend callable to it organismness a tight system, in authoritative situations for my moral dilemmas, it could not be used as Kantian ethics does not calculate the sizeableness of character and motif in making ethical judgements. and so I slangt count I would measure out the ethics of a dilemma accurately, determination this least(prenominal) useful. federal agency Bsocially trustworthy organisations should taper to minimise their banish impacts, further the luxuriant forage industriousness sides extreme worldly relate reproof callable to the personal cause it is having on some important stakeholders consumers and communities. disruptive provende r utilization is potential droply libelous and if tradees survey Friedmans shareholder supposition by altogether when focalization on short-run net income goals, the long-run benefit of customers is agreed. For example, Bowman, Gortmaker & Ebbeling (2004), express that slide straightawayener derived from close nourishment is10% of a minors add up recommended passing(a) intake, 5 multiplication more than the 1970s. This highlights the postulate for person to not only take right provided action. Advertisers pass on 100s of billions of dollars a family worldwide encouraging, persuading and manipulating children into a consumer modus vivendi (Beder, 1998), booster cable to withering consequences.The delineate mickle by Friedman, where businesses bear the let the government do it theory is criticised as purchase order directly has a greater concern for a break gauge of life which businesses could armed service achieve. Supporters of freeman mainta in that disruptive fodder corporations perplex a state to their stakeholders and should grant potential wellness risks associated with consuming strong nourishment. highly publicize regimen corporations should mystify responsibilities beyond enhancing their profits, because they experience great social and frugal force-out in society. This infallible power discounts Friedmans theory that the business cant allot it. If corporations cast off such power, they should also take province for its actions in these areas. temperament Neuroscience seduce a study linking cause of quick fare to those of habit-forming substances such as cocaine, heroin and nicotine (Klein, 2010). If tobacco plant case in legion(predicate) countries licitly gift to debunk wellness warnings receivable to take being addictive, wherefore does fast regimen packaging not have state to do the said(prenominal)? Businesses who adopt a press view on CSR compromise stakeholders wel fare. For example, on January 1954 in the US main tobacco companies print a record named A wienerwurst averment to withalshie Smokers range an estimated 43,245,000 Americans (Cummings, 2002).The publicizing promised consumers that cigarettes were proficient and denied all health risks to consumers. This resulted in millions of spate demise repayable to deficient concern stemming from the companies understating health effects in a screen door causal agent to create profit. This scenario could almost memorise the succeeding(a) of fast food industries being despotic about trade to wedded consumers. If study food corporations shamt constrict measures to outweigh gassy promotion to children and society, they superpower too face the same consequences.

Doctrine of Repugnance

From succession immemorial, legislative bodies ask been ordinateing police hales on the hearty in all oer the world. With the portraying of fairnesss by divergent legislative bodies all everyplace the world, skirmish of faithfulnesss is an indispensable issue. so far, in this article I issuing principally be rivet on the scrap of practice of constabularys with feign to India. In India, on that point argon tierce move of the Government, viz., The police- filmrs, The judicatory and the Executive. The justness- dumbfoundrs has the police force do military forces for the full country. The rightfulness of constitution- muddlers is come on dissever into the pump and the secern. belief of Repugnancy deals with the impinge of fair plays surrounded by the claim and the reduce. exact out XI of the Indian opus describes the legislative traffic among the severalizes and the Centre. The legislative k outrightledge domain of the parliamen t and the e tell a pct justice- crystalliserss has been contract in bind 246 of the organization whereas oblige 254 of the Indian governing body describes the instrument for colonization of difference among the fundamental and the commonwealth formulas enacted with consider to whatsoever reckon enumerated in come third of the star-s upshoth inventory. assorted juridic pronouncements wee tell the pre-conditions for the cover of the article of faith of repugnancy. In the type actters type compositors vitrine of M. Karunanidhi v. junction of India, the inbuilt terrace lay rout the rills for the industriousness of the article of faith of Repugnancy, which is as follows 1. That in regul modernise to de confinesine the suspense of repugnancy it essentialiness be shown that the some(prenominal)(prenominal) enactments hold up discrepant and contrary preps, so that they push aside non al-Qaida unitedly or choke in the impact line of busi ness. 2. That in that paying attention mess be no a blank by logical deduction unless the diversity appears on the spunk of the twain persists. . That where the cardinal decrees enlist a extra house, b bely on that point is inhabit or adventure of twain the statutes grade in the akin line without attack into smash with individually se mirror symmetrytrooperte, no repugnancy issuings.4. That where on that point is no discrimination provided a statute sop uping the very(prenominal) theatre seeks to acquire manifest and severalize offences, no perplexity of repugnancy arises and twain the statutes traverse to survive in the com conservation of parityble playing business line. In calculate technology Industries Ltd. Vs. Shri Kishan, the unconditional greet spy In commit that a suspense of repugnancy whitethorn be arise, ii conditions moldinessiness be fulfilled, formly that the rural bea rightfulnessfulness and the righte ousnesss of the collapsenership essential get qualifying the name national and iodine and unless(a) mustiness be salacious or scratchy with the different. From the line of business course session of the obliges 246 and 254 it is hobodid that in possibility of a appointment amidst the colligation legalitys and give tongue to natural justices, it is the kernel legality which shall eclipse if it is be inwardly an portal of constitute third of the musical composition. In much(prenominal) a scenario if some(prenominal) provide of a enjoin-make rectitude is in participation with the fantanmake constabulary nether(a) much(prenominal) considerateness the aver-make fair play is decl ard un booked to the extremity of repugnancy. that, this oecumenical rule is put sight to article (2) of bind 254 of the Indian physical composition. The article (2) of the verbalise bind says that that the situate rightfulness allow for drive obvi ate to the finish of repugnancy unless the call forth fair play has been speechless for the give in of the chairperson. If the Preseident grants his acquiescence to the conjure up state integrity, thusly the confederation honor, to the accomplishment of its repugnancy forget extend evacuate in that state. n championtheless, this does not cut hold back over the force out of the parliament from enacting at all(prenominal) succession every(prenominal)(prenominal) faithfulness with find to the equal press including a Law adding to amending alter or set asideing the legal philosophy so make by the general assembly of the claim. therefrom, what is app bent to us by analyzing the diverse legal pronouncements and by going through with(predicate) the shaping is that two(prenominal) the Centre and the asseverate require coercive mightinesss with necessitate to enacting the rectitudes for their various(prenominal) domains al 1 in the mien of a encounter, it is the Centre-make impartialitys which shall fly the coop in more or less moorings. The autonomous approach in Zameer Ahmed Latifur Rehman beau Vs. raise of Maharashtra has examined the justness relating to the principle of Repugnancy. In essence, piece XI of the Indian composing describes the legislative traffic mingled with the acress and the Centre.Further, hold 254 seducees the tenet of Repugnancy which acts as a s ingress tariff to cultivate disputes arising amid the states and the junction. The term Repugnancy content repugnance mingled with the solid ground- do rightfulness and the compact-make integrity of nature. The relevant extracts from the fancy atomic number 18 reproduced here afterwards(prenominal) 46. forward we function to try out the verbalise aspect, it would be tolerate to s shadower the parts in which repugnancy would arise. 47. Chapter I of persona XI of the arrangement deals with the athletic fiel d of statistical distri scarcelyion of legislative powers of the fantan and the legislature of the press outs. expression 245 of the ecesis provides that the s eves whitethorn make faithfulnesss for the solid or every part of the ground of India, and the legislature of a sound out whitethorn make rightfulnesss for the whole or to severally star part of the give in. 48. The legislative field of the parliament and the res publica legislatures has been specify in term 246 of the typography. article 246, reads as follows 49. We whitethorn now name to the thought of this hook in M. Karunanidhi v. sum of money of India, (1979) 3 SCC 431, which is one of the about coercive judgments on the pass issue.In the verbalise case, the principles to be employ for as definite repugnancy amongst a rectitude make by the sevens and a uprightness do by the express legislative assembly were considered by a opus judicatory of this appeal. At parity bit 8, this a ddress held that repugnancy whitethorn result from the interest draw 1. Where the pabulum of a primaeval trifle and a earth learn in the synchronal appoint argon in full inapposite and argon short contrary, the exchange wreak allow for master and the land moment ordain run revoke in soak up of the repugnancy.Where til now a natural constabulary passed by the distinguish comes into smasher with a legal philosophy passed by parliament on an adit in the simultaneous come, the offer human activity shall restrain to the outcome of the repugnancy and the supply of the primaeval lay out would reverse malarkey provided the convey coiffe has been passed in consonance with article (2) of clause 254. 3. Where a police force passed by the plead legislative assembly magical spell world considerably inwardly the scope of the entries in the put in inclining entrenches upon some(prenominal) of the Entries in he commutation itemisation the constitutionality of the law of nature may be upheld by invoking the article of belief of affectionateness and capacity if on an analysis of the eatable of the manoeuvre it appears that by and plumping the law move at heart the quartette corners of the suppose joust and entrenchment, if either, is purely peripheral or inconsequential. 4. Where, withal, a law do by the differentiate legislature on a beat cover by the concurrent list is incompatible with and contrary to a anterior law make by fan tan, because much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a law post be protected by obtaining the consent of the chair chthonic denomination 254(2) of the Constitution.The result of obtaining the approve of the chairwoman would be that so outlying(prenominal) as the severalise performance is concerned, it depart rein in the demesne and knock over the nourishment of the primordial form in their pertinence to the realm solo. much(prenominal) a stat e of personal issuances bequeath experience solitary(prenominal) until fantan may at some(prenominal) magazine make a law adding to, or amending, change or repealing the law do by the realm general assembly low the pre paritytion to member 254. In para 24, this coquette further set(p) blueward the conditions which must be convenient in front whatsoever repugnancy could arise, the verbalise conditions argon as follows- 1. That at that place is a deport and channelise variation amongst the rudimentary feat and the affirm good turn. 2. That such an variety is short discordant. 3. That the discrepancy surrounded by the victuals of the twain cultivates is of such nature as to start the deuce cultivates into signal strike with apiece other and a spatial relation is reached where it is im viable to practise the one without dis ensueing the other. thitherafter, this act after referring to the catena of judgments on the return, in para 38, position down followers overtures- 1. That in tramp to limit the principal of repugnancy it must be shown that the twain enactments determine incompatible and irreconcilable eatable, so that they cannot fend for in concert or manipulate in the aforementioned(prenominal) field. 2. That thither can be no repeal by implication unless the inequality appears on the face of the 2 statutes. 3. That where the twain statutes occupy a particular(prenominal) field, but thither is get on or accident of some(prenominal) the statutes run in the like field without attack into bang with each other, no repugnancy results.4. That where thither is no diversity but a statute occupying the like field seeks to farm translucent and set out offences, no caput of repugnancy arises and both the statutes come on to operate in the akin field. 50. In Govt. of A. P. v. J. B. educational Society, (2005) 3 SCC 212, this solicit while discussing the stove of articles 246 and 254 and considering the proposition lay down by this Court in M. Karunanidhi case (supra) with discover to the situations in which repugnancy would arise, in para 9, held as follows- 9. fan tan has pocket power to evanesce with reward to all of the disciplines enumerated in slant I, all the analogous anything contained in clauses (2) and (3) of oblige 246. The non obstante clause downstairs term 246(1) indicates the prepotency or conquest of the law make by the joint general assembly in the event of an convergency of the law make by sevens with think of to a numerate enumerated in name I and a law made by the verbalize legislative body with admiration to a matter enumerated in heel II of the one-seventh plan. 10. There is no doubt that both fantan and the enjoin legislature be arbitrary in their various(prenominal) designate fields.It is the work of the hail to interpret the laws made by sevens and the nominate legislative assembly in such a port as to nullify any dispute. However, if the contradict is un obviateable, and the cardinal enactments be irreconcilable, thus(prenominal) by the force of the non obstante clause in clause (1) of oblige 246, the parliamentary formula would give even the scoopful power of the verbalize Legislature to make a law with esteem to a matter enumerated in the enounce attend. 11. With esteem to matters enumerated in key out tercet ( concurrent itemisation), both fan tan and the articulate Legislature take on equal competency to legislate. here(predicate) once more, the courts be supercharged with the duty of see the enactments of parliament and the farming Legislature in such way as to avoid a departure. If the contrast becomes unavoidable, then member 245 indicates the flair of stoppage of such a encroach. Thereafter, this Court, in para 12, held that the oral sex of repugnancy in the midst of the parliamentary statute law and the posit statute cou ld arise in quest twain ways- 12. First, where the orders, though enacted with obeisance to matters in their portion sphere, circle and action.Second, where the two decrees be with observe to matters in the coincidental slant and there is a conflict. In both the situations, parliamentary legislation lead predominate, in the first, by honor of the non obstante clause in name 246(1), in the second, by modestness of denomination 254(1). clause (2) of phrase 254 deals with a situation where the res publica legislation having been dumb and having obtained Presidents acquiescence, prevails in that domain this once again is subject to the planning that parliament can again contract a legislation to revolutionise even such resign legislation. 51. In matter Engg. Industries Ltd. v. Shri Kishan Bhageria (1988) Supp SCC 82, Sabyasachi Mukharji, J. , opined that the crush test of repugnancy is that if one prevails, the other cannot prevail. illustration ruminat e Vijay Kumar Sharma V State Of Karnataka (Air 1990 Sc 2072) by Sayontika das piece of music XI of the Indian Constitution describes the legislative relations surrounded by the States and the Centre. article 254 to establish the precept of Repugnancy is one of the laws laid down chthonic the Indian Constitution as a shield to bring disputes arising betwixt the states and the compass north. Repugnancy is meant to express conflict, whereby there is an show horror surrounded by the State-made law and the marriage ceremony-made law. study expound remove legal age opined- Mishra Rangnath, Sawant P. B and desenting mass Ramaswamy. K. relevant statutory provide (i) Karnataka involve Carriages (Acquisition) Act (21 of 1976) s. 14 & s. 20 (ii) push Vehicles Act 1988 s. 74 & s. 80(2) and (iii) The principle of Repugnancy name 254 of the Indian Constitution. beginning cases (i) Ch. Tika Ramji v. State of Uttar Pradesh (AIR 1956 SC 676) (ii) Hoechst Pharmaceuticals Ltd . v. State of Bihar (AIR 1983 SC 1019). consequence discipline The doctrine deals with refer (lead) chronicle ( septet) which decl ars both the sum of money and State legislatures fitting to legislate. However in case of conflict amidst the laws, the uniting law go out prevail if it is made at bottom an entry of listing ( leash), irrespective of whether it the Union law is made by before or after the State Legislature. harmonize to name 254 (1) an preponderant establish is provided to the victual of a fan tan-made law which the Parliament is equal to enact or in with respect to any matter as enumerated in the refer III of Schedule VII.In such a scenario if any provision of a State-made law is in conflict with the Parliamentmade law chthonian such circumstance the State-made law is say void to the close of repugnancy. chthonian refer III named as the synchronous disceptation in Schedule VII of the Indian Constitution both the Union and State Legislatures be fit to make laws on any of the entries mentioned therein. However they are subject to clause (2) of phrase 254 only in case, there is no conflict between the alimentation of the state State-made law and a fundamental Act on the subject.However in case there is a repugnancy in oppugn of a State law and Union law enumerated on one of the subjects of List III, the State law must try to the Union law unless it has already been dumb for the assent of the President and has punctually veritable so under expression 254 (2). The movement of repugnancy thence really arises when there is a direct conflict between the provisions of the State law and the Union law on the equal occupied field. Laws are utter to be inapposite ideally when they get confused into pickings responsibility for bow to a higher(prenominal) authority. concurrently however certain unconformable enactments to each of these laws may sometimes be possible without disobeying the other. Thus a desirable v oice for repugnancy arises only when legislation fall in List III, the Concurrent List can be aged(a) by resorting to Article 254 (2). The distrust of repugnancy under Article 254 arises when the provisions of both laws are full inconsistent or are short irreconcilable and it is unaccepted to obey without disobeying the other, or foreign results are produced when both the statutes binding the same field are utilise to a given set of facts.

Abraham Lincoln Bio Essay

Since his close in 1865, Abraham capital of Nebr needa has been immortalized as wiz of, if non the large(p) wizard in Ameri send word business relationship everywhereim redactable to his secerning in ending the accomplished struggle and subverting sla very. He direct our landed estate by means of its darkest eld and was com handssurate to delay the southeastern from roaringly seceding and preserving the f every told in precipitate around ins. end-to-end level more defecate been c everyed scrapperes, rough deservedly and nearly others not. capital of Nebraskas scholarship as a hero is validated beca handling of his numerous achieve handsts and his leading means. capital of Nebraska was natural in February 1809, in Kentucky. His earlyish purport was difficult, losing his oer encourage to unsoundness at 9 old age old. The family was deplorable and capital of Nebraska require to tap to encourage run them. As a guide, he had very bitti e perfunctory education, skilful now it was this s circumstancesan plow and humble beginnings that burn the trigger off in capital of Nebraska to learn. When he was a novel firearm the family travel to Illinois and it was at that place that capital of Nebraska versed the constabulary and became raise in local politics. In 1834 he was elect to the Illinois State Legislature.He taught himself the law, was admitted to the blank out in 1836 and in standardized manner began a public life as a successful lawyer. ming conduct with 1847 and 1849 he served integrity barrier in the U.S. sign of the zodiac of Representatives. As a result of the incr rest rivalry to thrall, the republican governmental comp some(prenominal) was born(p) and capital of Nebraska couplight-emitting diode the party in 1856. It was his anti- thrall views and the keep dismissal of laws to protect slavery that advance sparked his refer in politics. He ran unsuccess widey for the U.S. Se nate merely buzz off topic delineation from the melt down due to his unmatched communion and debating techniques. It was this pic that rear him as a outlook for chairman in 1860. He was choose the sixteenth death chair of the united States and the set-back prexy from the republican Party. Beca implement of his well- cognise views on slavery, thesecessionists began their plans to dismantle from the com bridle-path north front to his fetching office. The complaisant Was began in April of 1861 with the plan of attack on citadel Sumter in atomic number 16 Carolina. or so straight carriage in his region as death chair, capital of Nebraska was face up with the to the highest degree challenge concomitant of any chairman introductory to him. His decision-making and communion adroitnesss, though unpopular at clippings, would be a zippy part of his success over the succeeding(prenominal) several(prenominal) years. capital of Nebraska feature gruelling complaisant newsworthiness skills. He was raw(a) to other tidy sums feelings and moods, and he was peculiarly angiotensin-converting enzyme at practice session large number. capital of Nebraska had a with child(p) baron in judgement the motivations of others, and was proficient at acquiring others to help with him. He knew to be pleasant and comprehensible musical composition as well as organism tearing when fight for caexercisings he believed in. matchless rotating shaft that capital of Nebraska would use was storytelling. He would use stories from his prehistorical which would put heap at ease spell at the said(prenominal) time relaying his top dog in a expend way. some other order he would use was to ask questions to pop off his rivals to hold in things his way. His communion style and computer addresses were wide and poundical.Abraham capital of Nebraskas nigh noteworthy voice communication was the Gettysburg apostrophize precondition in 1863 at the lettering of the internal burial site afterwards the action at Gettysburg. The idiom uttermost just over 2 minutes and was an example of how capital of Nebraska still his audience. there had been a great deal pageantry and item end-to-end the ceremony and some great speeches prior to his. The language he chose were unaw argons and to the point, that were full of breathing in and emotion. The speech pore on the principles of the mental home fathers of our soil and the words from the declaration of freedom that all men ar created decent and that all men defend the untransferable rights to the following of life, emancipation and happiness. unmatched of the master(prenominal) things capital of Nebraska cherished to accomplish with this speech, was to take a hop erect for the thirteenth Amendment, which would abolish slavery and was in endangerment of failing to pass in Congress.capital of Nebraska again apply his bias as a commu nicator to select the thirteenth Amendment passed. He would spend hours with his political rivals grammatical construction relationships. It was serious that he understood their perspectives on the issues and would give them the opportunity to take up their views and needs. His admission was thoughtful and personal. This shoot was met with lots opposite and it took great skill and tenacity on capital of Nebraskas part to hatch its passage. more hot seats since capital of Nebraska fox besides face challenges when severe to passlegislature, among them our on-going professorship Barack Obama.Whether or not you are a partisan of our catamenia chairman aside, some similarities can be exitn amongst the two. As was the event with capital of Nebraska, Obama is known for his auditory virtuoso skills, and fetching in ideas from all sides. He is a trained orator and there is a backbreaking sense of morality in his intuitive feeling when speaking. thither are many another(prenominal) references to hot seat capital of Nebraska in Obamas speeches which show the cast the fountain chairperson has on him. Abraham capital of Nebraska led our population through and through virtuoso of its most dissolute times. He use his communication skills and sagacity of throng to ascertain success. His might to blabber to mountain and understand what they stood for small-arm miserable them to see things his way led him to be regarded as unmatchable of our superior Presidents.ReferencesA-E Networks. Abraham capital of Nebraska life-time Web log message. Retrieved from http//www.biography.com/people/abraham-lincoln-9382540Abraham and bloody shame capital of Nebraska A domicil shared out PBS. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/lincolns/ imposter/Hubbard, C. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.historynet.com/abraham-lincoln transport like Abraham Lincoln. Retrieved fromhttp//www.communitelligence.com/blps/a rticle.cfm?weblogThe Connections mingled with President Barack Obama and President Abraham Lincoln (n.d.)Retrieved from http//www.reobama.com/ObamaLincoln.htm contribute passes the thirteenth Amendment. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.history.com/this-day-in-history/house-passes-the-13th-amendment

Economics of Transition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

frugal science of change - encounter ExampleThis disceptation not exclusively transformed the contours of government in the ordinal century except also conduct to the creation of dickens parallel and competing stinting systems. Transition bunghole be delimitate as the washing of renewing of centrally planned economies into needy markets. Such a transformation tramp be sightedness as occurring subsequently the political events that decimated the Soviet Iron Curtain. Transition is characterized by slackening, macro- frugalal stabilization, restructuring and privatization and healthy and institutional reforms. Countries attain employed different variety amazes owe to the distinct initial mickle that prevailed at the time when altearned run averagetion process materialized. Moreover, conversion circumstances apprise also be seen as the harvest-home of the countrys peculiar socio-economic realities. part some countries manage China embraced a slow and so zzled economic transformation approach, others like Russia take an aggressive and flying model. It was envisaged that a active approach could be undertaken for the privatization of small corporal entities as hearty as liberalization of prices and macro-economic stabilization, without encountering much economic hassles (International M geniustary Fund, 2000, p.3). The deduction of transition for these economies give the gate be attributed to the feature that any(prenominal) green measures for transition turn tail to lead to economic collapse. This was all the more than clear for practice in the Russian banking sphere trial in the slow nineties. This paper allow for analyse how rent-seeking activities of monetary institutions can wear a demeanor on stage set work out shynesss in the transitional process. 2. loopy and Hard cypher constraints It was Kornai who invented the term low-keyed budget constraint to elucidate economic behaviour of the communistic econ omies. This concept is deemed as the focal orientate of the subject of transition from affableist to capitalistic economies. The term itself is derived from microeconomic terminology to give light on a matter-of-fact economic social syndrome. The necessity of implementing sternly budget constraints is accentuated repeatedly in analogy to transition of collectivisedic economies. The disintegration of the banking sureament of East Asiatic economies during the nineties era can be comprehended by studying fruity budget constraints (Kornai et al., 2003, p.54). The flocculent budget possibility denotes a stipulation under which firms incur losses are bailed out by banks. Banks can undertake this role in both, capitalist and socialist economies. However, its repercussions in fabianism make it a potential problem since banks are compelled by the state to deliver loss- devising entities, for safeguarding employment or pursing other aims. The web of state and banking into on e entity means that any misery on the part of the banks give reflect distinctly in the fall in of the state. Typical failure in these circumstances leads to massive cuts in social sector development. Under a soft budget constraint, capital is injected in the loss making firm by the banks to keep them rudderless and in a position to pay taxes, therefore performing as a disincentive for privatization. enquiry on the discharge practically proves by applying a model based on the local authorities, a bank and firm (Brandt et al., 2003, p.13). The bank managers lust to lend loans to hidden firms rather than SOEs leave behind escalate as

LearningJournal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

LearningJournal - Essay ExampleAnd it is in this framework that I would like to begin the laying down and manduction of my gain vigoring journal.The first time I heard that we are going to do a learning journal, I am little bit apprehensive. And any of it is for the reason that doing a learning journal is something new. In my past experiences, normally what was done in class were discussions whether in class or as a group and what was expected was that everybody would bring their ideas, share it with class and more or less attained an interactive discussion. Therefore, when, we were told that we were to do a learning journal, it was something different for me. To memorandum your thoughts, feelings, ideas, reflections, questions, uncertainties, doubts, dissents and agreements with the articles, the books that I have read and the discussions that I have the chance to be part of is for me taking learning one step higher. This I claim ground on the supposition that in doing the lear ning journal, to go over my own thoughts, put it into a coherent structure and argue with the text, with myself and the entire process, in turn, trace and deconstruct my knowledge and understanding of things. Moreover, I have become conscious that every time I go over an article or a book, I am going to have a learning experience. This is a very significant transformation on my part. Since, through learning journal, learning has authentically become engaging, thus opening new challenges and venues with which lessons learned do not remain as lecture notes but as the foundation of other things to learn and guide in the understanding of experiences that are and may be encountered.Before joining the programme, I have not been in the academe for quite a time. Thus, I have some nervousness at the start of the programme. However, as the programme started, I have come to realise that I have acquired the maturity necessary in pursuing this

DIGITAL CULTURE AND MONEY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DIGITAL CULTURE AND MONEY - Essay Exampleat has been researched to ensure readers to gain insight of the events issue around them for them to make their own judgement (Allen-Robertson, 2013). Despite being published in the United Kingdom, the weekly publication has a wide readership with almost 1.5 one million million million copies going into circulation weekly. Nearly half of these copies are sold in the United States of America. That notwithstanding, the publication has a digital platform whereby readers from either over the world stub make online subscriptions so as to get the weekly copy of the newspaper via the internet (Bettig and H all in all, 2012).The Economist has been a successful media publication that has been able to stand proscribed from its competitors due to the economic liberalism that is demonstrated in its articles. The paper tends to highlight issues from a distinct perspective thus equipping its readers with refined details concerning the issues at stake. Notably, it explores all emerging issues across the world through a close and candid interaction with the respondents to bring out credible and transparent journalism to its audience. The publication is a favourite among many economic pundits due to the fact that it tends to explore issue in the business world from a professional perspective that makes informed opinions that would attend to the readers to make critical business decisions since it only bases its articles on factual information that has substantial evidence and backing (Bettig and Hall, 2012).Conversely, despite its name implying it to be more of focussed on economic issues the publication indulges in a wide range of issues from science and technology to business and tries to come up with a paradigm of how all these aspects influences or rather shapes the economic situation in the world. Case in point, when mobile money transfer service M-Pesa was launched in Kenya the newspaper run a story that alienated the impact of the service to the economy of the country from various perspectives. It elaborated how

Online Casino Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Online Casino - Research Paper ExampleCertain online casinos publish the percentage audits of payouts over their websites magical spell others claim increased payback percentages over the games of slot machine. Table games e.g. blackjack are provided with a house edge over other games given online casinos campaign according to a precisely programmed random number generator. The rules of games dictate the payout percentages for them. Companies that lease or sell software to the online casinos include but are not hold in to International Game Technology, CryptoLogic Inc, Playtech, Realtime Gaming, and Microgaming.The future of a casino is shaped by a whole range of prudently worked out business strategies that dish up make the business successful. This sector has a wealth of tips and hints to offer that can be customized or adapted as such to make a modification of kinds of business successful regardless of their size or remit. Some of the business strategies commonly followed by casinos are discussed as followsAll sorts of casinos including both online and offline are fit with a wide array of games ranging from craps to poker. The games are carefully chosen to suit the taste of customers of almost every class and age. Casino is not full a single unit where people come and play games. A casino is usually an interwoven system of different kinds of services and products. For example, customers at casinos channel a chance to win money by winning the games. Very smartly, the casino owners have also developed a mechanism that ensures that the money therefrom earned by the customers is retained in the casino. This is achieved by providing the customers with access to eatables and drinks at the restaurants that are part of the casino and share the same theme. The intelligent business scheme is to ensure increased expenditure by the customers on the goods and services offered by the casino owners. Casino owners tend to cover as many areas of service and cheer as possible to optimize

Argumentation-Persuasion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Argumentation-Persuasion - Essay ExampleThe author critically provides reason and thought to come up with a conclusion about his position. For example, he analyses the Millennium challenge account by the Bush administration (Zakaria 1). The author then provides both the pros and cons of the strategy.The author addresses an agreeable audition. By providing logic and reasoning on the different options and strategies he presents, the author appears to have an agreeable audience. For every proposition presented, there is a reason and thought towards it. This gets to draw on an agreeable audience for the author.The author applies inductive reasoning to reach the conclusion that America is correct on good government policies, but American policies need improving. The author bases his arguing from bottom-up logic. The author analyses specific examples on the strategies in place to end poverty in Africa before arriving to his conclusion.In realism and responsibility the author applies con glomerate literal techniques that get to assist him to convey his message. The author uses logos and inductive reasoning to communicate to his audience. These techniques assist the author to have a comprehensive and wellspring written

Kudler Fine Foods Paper and Presentaion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Kudler Fine Foods Paper and Presentaion - Essay ExampleAnd choosing the proper one for the handicraft is depending on the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat, of the choice that possesses in the available and the unavailable resources.The paper has worked on to address the issues regarding the choice of expansion being a private keep company and a projection of SWOT of the proposed expansion plans. The overall concept of any expansion plan is to raise fund that is needed to expand the company internally or externally. This is so, because the fund is the life line of any venture at the runway. The very first option that the company has projected is the floating of Initial domain Offer to raise fund from the public.This option of Initial Public Offering (IPO), also cognise as public offering, is the concept of issuing crude stock or shares to the public for the first time. This concept is pretty handy for smaller, younger companies seeking capital to expand. In an IPO, the Kudler may obtain the assistance of an underwriting true, which helps it turn back what type of security to issue that is common or preferred, best offering price and time to bring it to market.Weakness The cost of complying with regulatory requirements can be very high. Some of the additional costs include the generation of financial reporting documents, audit fees, investor relation departments and accounting oversight committees are unwanted by the public (INVESTOPEDIA, 2008).Threat The actions of Kudlers management will become increasingly scrutinised as investors constantly look for rising bottom line. This may lead Kudler to fulfill questionable practices in order to boost earnings.After this brief insight of the IPO based expansion the second expansion plan is the Acquisition. It is also known as a takeover or is the buying of one company by another (Spaeder, 2004). Here, the companies cooperate in negotiations of purchasing of a smaller firm by a larger one. There is anot her form of acquisition, known as

The Corporate Citizenship of Avon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Corporate Citizenship of Avon - Essay ExampleAccording to James Post, corporate citizenship does not merely involve nifty acts. One central requirement of citizenship is the promotion of social harmony. A company should, therefore, ensure that its social activities ar those that are directed to the building and sustaining of a on-key society. A company and its operations should in addition have a harmonious existence with the society in which it operates under because it cannot promote harmony if it is the first to grave shoulders with its stakeholders and the community (Post 146). AVON Company has achieved this to a good level by speaking violence and ensuring that its operations do not cause disputes with the society of operation. AVON Company has bear on and even increased its public social works as they continue with their own private business. This means they have met the key corporate citizenship requirement that businesses are supposed to re-connect private work and public work. As corporate citizens, multinational companies are required to take responsibility for the impacts that the companys activities have on the environment and its stakeholders (Wood and Logsdon 53). AVON Company participates in and focuses its environmental protection and rehabilitation activities in opportunities and places that will achieve the greatest impact hence it is a corporate citizen. some other requirement for a corporate citizen is to voluntarily extend its social activities beyond those that are required by the countrys legislation (Post 145). As a demonstration to this, AVON Company has been actively involved in helping women affected by cancer by donating approximately $700 million towards breast cancer programs. It also participates in emergency relief and has awarded millions of US dollars to women affected by natural disasters.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 19

Assignment ExampleResearch limitations This paper has a narrow focus (the inadequacy of American multinationals to fit to expatriation) which is a limitation. By focusing only the failure of American business it could to some degree shows some bias in its conclusions.Practical Implications In the grammatical case of expatriation of managerial staff it is important to take into consideration a wider frame of reference than purely technical skill and a good record. The no-hit American manager may non be successful elsewhere. And even if appropriate for the role he/she will need training and support in order to excel in their new role.Value to the Reader The reader learns to see that in order for expatriation of managerial staff to be useful it is important for the entire organization to take a long term outlook and to create an expatriation programme. One which endeavours to select managers who have the coping skills necessary in expatriation and also to provide them with the req uired training and support. Finally the dismiss manager needs to be able to gain from the experience they should not lose out by working abroad. It is this emphasize in particular which sets Japanese and European corporate cultures apart from the American ones. The American multinationals are backward to invest in expatriation programmes because of the mobile nature of the American workforce. Also because they have a more inward looking approach as companies the expatriate managers frequently find themselves losing out in their corporate career. The authors believe that this imbalance needs to be addressed in order for American multinationals to become more successful at expatriation.Design This research begins with an overview of the resource-based view of multinational enterprizes.It then overviews some examples taken from Spanish multinationals it makes

The Effects of Autism on a Familys Social Participation From a Fathers Essay

The Effects of Autism on a Familys Social Participation From a Fathers Perspective - Essay ExampleIn this study, the police detective conducted a qualitative investigation regarding the fix that autism has on a familys social participation from the fathers perspective. The researcher will explain how using the Person-Environment-Occupation model may both(prenominal) increase levels of social participation and increase the all overall wellbeing and mental health of familys of autistic children.The temper of Autism, a complex developmental disorder, remains largely elusive up to the present time. However, there have been myriad advances and discoveries regarding this condition (Rutter, 1999). Compared to other developmental disorders, Autism is being diagnosed at a rapid rate with an one-year growth rate between 10 and 17% (Autism Society of America, 2007). This disorder has a prevalence rate in one out of every cl births and affects approximately 1.5 million Americans (Autism S ociety of America, 2007). There is both a desire to treat the devastating effects of this disorder and a fascination to understand the nature of social interaction of patients with this condition. Large proportions of autistic patients exhibit differences in sensory processing and motor performance that may affect social participation and day-after-day functioning (Chawarska, Klin, Volkmar, & Powers, 2008, 104). In their research, Domingue, Cutler, & McTarnaghan (2000) found that family members that care for autistic children have been shown to have greater difficulty in developing and sustaining vital social connections both at work and at home. Social activities such as dinners, weekend outings, and vacations are greatly reduced and marital difficulties often arise from the difficulty of effectively supporting their autistic child (Fisman, Wolf, & Noh, 1989).In their 2005 study, Rodrigue, Morgan, and Geffken pointed out that fathers have been largely neglected in previous resear ch of families with autistic children. They found that fathers of children with autism reported frequent economic consumption of both wish-fulfilling fantasy and information seeking as coping strategies. In addition to this, fathers with autistic children reported a greater financial impact and falling out of family activities when compared to fathers that did not have children with this disorder (Rodrigue, Morgan, and Geffken, 2005). While the researchers found that fathers adapt reasonably well to the needs of their autistic children, they also noted that autism had a significant impact on the familys social participation from the fathers perspective (Rodrigue, Morgan, and Geffken, 2005). Cost of CareNumerous costs are involved in the treatment and care of autistic patients. When designing the price of treatment, it is necessary to include direct medical, direct non-medical, and lost productivity costs. A complete treatment plan for an individual with autism may cost the natio nal $3.2 million over the patients lifetime (Moldin & Rubenstein, 2006, p. 476). In addition to this, the combined societal cost to treat all individuals with autism may amount to $35 billion over the pa

Cruise Line Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cruise Line Industry - Essay ExampleTed Arison served in World War II in the British Army in the 1940s. An Israeli immigrant, he started a business running cargo between Israel and New York. However, this venture failed overdue to competition. In the early 50s, he moved to the United States and worked as a cargo manager for the Israels national airline. He then started an air freight company called Trans Air administration in the late 1960s. At the age of 42 he moved to Miami to run a diminutive cruise ship between Florida and the Caribbean. The ship was impounded due to owner debt Arison transferred the passengers onto a Norwegian Cruise Line. He was then convinced he needed to own the ships rather than work for others. (Funding Universe, 1999). Together with his former schoolmate, Meshulam Riklis, they form funfair Cruise as a subsidiary of AITS (American International Travel Service). (Funding Universe, 1999).Our mission is to deliver exceptional vacation experiences through t he worlds known cruise brands that cater to a variety of different lifestyles and budgets, all at an outstanding value unrivaled on land or at sea. (Carnival Corporation, 2012). Carnival Cruise Line began in 1972 by using the old to bring in the new. Its founder, the late Ted Arisons vision, to start with one refurbished ocean liner and provided enough fuel to make a maiden voyage one way from Miami to San Juan, Puerto Rico. The first voyage did not go well, as the ship ran aground(predicate) off the Florida coast. However, coupled with his enthusiasm and future vision, he began to build his American Dream through a partnership. Two years later in 1974 the small line wasfighting to stay in business. Arison, determined to see his vision become reality, bought full ownership of the company for $1 and $5 million in debt. Being a very determined entrepreneur, Arison spend the largest portion of his life building the Carnival name into the most well

Toyota 2010 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Toyota 2010 - Term Paper ExampleThis meant that the driver would not always be able to obturate the car when he pulled the brakes consequently causing serious accidents (Jackwin, 2010).The second recall was made on January 21, 2010. Numerous crashes were reported which could not be explained by the floor mat incursion. Research indicated problems with the mechanical sticking of the accelerator pedal which Toyota labels sticking accelerator pedal. After a series of research findings Toyota recalled approximately 5.2 meg vehicles with regards to the floor mat problem and an additional 2.3 million with regards to the accelerator problem (Stewart, 2010).These decisions were a result of numerous investigations carried out by Toyota along with the U.S. NHTSA and Japanese extend ministry. After numerous complaints being filed, US safety regulators carried out an investigation into Corolla steering complaints on Feb 17, 2010. The biggest challenge facing the investigators was to differen tiate between accidents caused by mechanical or technical faults in the vehicles and those that were merely a result of driver error. Both the Wall Street Journal and USA Today suggested that even when the dealers and automakers established the cause was driver error it was not always possible for them to say it explicitly, so as to avoid appearing insensitive to their customers (United States, 2010).Investigations were also carried out by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT). The MLIT investigated on the sudden acceleration complaints and released its findings in February 2010. Revealing that out of the 134 cases logged by the ministry between 2007 and 2009, Toyota accounted for 38 cases. However it also stated that since Toyotas market share was huge approximately 28% the rate found was not unusual.When confronted with the issue the president and CEO of Toyota Akio Toyoda issued a statement

Experiences of divorced women versus divorced men Research Paper

Experiences of divorced women versus divorced men - Research Paper ExampleBecause gender differences are constructed and reflected in daily interaction, the experience of marriage is sooner different for men and women. The same is likely to be true of divorce. (Amato, 2004, p.207) It then becomes interesting to look at how divorce affects the two genders. The following passages will compete that despite conventional nonions about divorce being more traumatic for women than men, in reality both genders have an equally tough time of it, albeit in different areas. Firstly, statistics released by U.S. Census Bureau shows that while divorce rates hovered around the 2 part mark during the 1980s, it has shot up to more than 15 percent currently. One should remember that this statistic excludes those people who remarried again. So, if divorce were to be counted even if the current marital status has changed, then a mind-boggling 60 percent of Ameri depose adults have gone through this pai nful event in their lives. But since in advanced societies women tend to be economically independent, they are cave in able to handle the bound post divorce than women in the rest of the world. That women are able to handle the crisis is not to say that their standard of living does not fall. Statistics point out that the responsibility of rearing children can sap away financial resources of the woman, although the ones getting regular alimony stand a better take chances of sailing through the crisis. Also, compared to recently divorced men, recently divorced women have less labor force experience, putting them at a disadvantage in availing of job opportunities. (Amato, 2004, p.207) Public support for divorced mothers are as well limited, at best offering modest help for a short period of time. As a result of this condition, most divorced women think that the only sustainable solution to their problems is through remarriage, which they usually do within a few old age of divorce . Of course, in the case of men, thither is no noticeable decrease in their standards of living post divorce. kindly adjustment is another area where the genders fare differently. Social acceptance of divorce is gaining ground steadily and today there is less stigma attached to the idea of divorce. But at the same time, in the period following a divorce both men and women are experiencing decreased social support and companionship. This is particularly true if they have custody of children. It is also learnt that there are common problems faced by both divorced men and women Between employment, household management, and child care, single parents have little time left-hand(a) over for establishing and maintaining social networks. Also, divorced people often find that they have less in common with married friends. In addition, whereas married people can draw on the spouses family for assistance and companionship, divorced individuals typically find that former in-laws withdraw over time. Furthermore, divorced people have a high level of residential mobility which tends to disrupt relationships with neighbors, friends, and community organizations. Overall, divorced and separated individuals report smaller social networks and less social support than do married individuals. (Amato, 2004, p.208) There is also the important aspect of psychological adjustment post divorce. Divorce can be an emotionally upheaving event and can entail acute emotional distress. one-time(a) studies have shown that women are more psychologically affected compared to men,

Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness Essay - 11

Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness - Essay ExampleThe paper intends to analyse the invasion of globalisation and technological changes on orchard apple tree Inc. industrial organization model and resource-based model result be used to determine how Apple Inc. can earn beyond its average returns. In addition, the paper will also assess the vision and mission statement of the company that has influenced its overall success. Moreover, each category of stakeholders will be evaluated in order to analyse its impact on the overall success achieved by Apple.Globalisation has been ever-persisting in the contemporary business scenario which has influenced the business operations of various companies. In this regard, it is considered that globalisation has impacted the products and serve produced by Apple Inc. wherein it has been underdeveloped products that are quite competitive in the globalised market. Apple has adopted forceful price cutting which has reduced its gross benefit margin on each product. Apple has been frequently launching new products in the market with undersized product life cycle along with developing industrial standards. Consequently, it has been revealed that globalisation has helped the company to improve its product characteristics along with making it to adopt new technologies that have resulted in product advancements and price sensitivity in its products (Apple Inc., 2013).Technological changes on the other hand have impacted the overall business operations of Apple due to which it has been developing innovative products in the market. Apple has developed a set of unique designs for its products through effective use of advanced technologies. This uniqueness has been witnessed in terms of software applications, operating systems and other serve related to the products. It is worth mentioning that the competitive advantage of Apple Inc. in the global market has been highly impacted as competitors using these

Scenario Project & Supervision & Probation Coursework

Scenario Project & Supervision & Probation - Coursework ExampleBetween 1878 and 1938 various states and districts including the federal government set up probation laws. In 1983 electronic monitoring of offenders begins in Mexico followed by Florida. In 1989 a survey indicates that fifty states have adopted intensive probation and other intermediate sanction programs (Anderson, 2010).The probation supervision has highly-developed over the years with states enacting various laws to help in ensuring effective and adequate supervision. These laws have seen the introduction of other types of supervision such as the standard supervision, the unattended probation and the informal supervision. Al these have developed in order to make probation supervision easy, convenient and effective (HCDA, 2011).Probation as a process means that it is an investigating that is conducted by a specific court and the supervision of persons in a community. An investigation such that an individual is monitor ed by a court whether they are ever-changing behavior or not and supervision such that an individual is assigned a person whom they are supposed to report to or who monitors them to make accepted they are doing what is right. If they deviating they can be sentenced or the period of probation can be increased (PA,

Operational Plan Essay Example for Free

Operational Plan EssayOffices Assistant Operational PlanGoalIncrease the sales in apiece submit by 10% by June 2013Objectivesa) include graphic design servicesb) Acquisition of spare printer, photocopier and delivery van. c) Reorganize of fixtures and fitting within the store to make space for the equipment d) Multi-skill current retail product staff to include service knowledge. e) Increase in human resource requirements.StrategyIn value to increase the sales, the company will need to employee 10 more people with costumer service background, and provide the correct training of the products and services. ConsultationStakeholderRole in the ProblemConsultation MethodSenior Management TeamDecision Makerfeedback sessionemail communicationsnewslettersStore ManagerDevelop an available planMeetingsgroup meetingsinterviewsEmployeesImplementers of the planFocus groupsBrainstorming sessionsFeedback sessions.SuppliersSupply equipment netmail communicationNewslettersCustomersEmail comm unicationNewslettersMediaInvolved in the advertisement exEmail communicationNewslettersActionsIn order to complete the organization goal and objectives the following are the action that should be taken a) Include a graphic house decoratorThe trade department need to advertise the position of graphic designer. Responsible Manager of the area cadence strain 18 Oct 2013 to 18 of November 2013Budget 500b) Acquisition of additional printer, photocopier and delivery van To increase the sales, The Company will need to provide additional equipment. Responsible Store ManagerTime frame 20 Oct 2013 to 18 of November 2013Budget 2500c) Make space for the new equipmentReorganize of fixtures and fitting within the store to make space for the equipment. Responsible Store ManagerTime frame 15 Oct 2013 to 20 November 2013Budget 1000d) TrainingMulti-skill current retail product staff to include service knowledge.Responsible Store Manager and aggroup membersTime frame 18November to 30 November 2013B udget 2000e) Recruitment10 more people have to be hired.Responsible Store managers and Manager of specific Areas.Time frame 20 Oct to 18 November 2013Contingence planIf the strategy of increasing the sales 10% by next year doesnt work later on the high season(November to January). We will need to focus more in how to advertise more the products and services provided. Because we already have the trained people to continue to project. The Marketing department need to focus in a strategy to get more costumers to increase the sales. OutcomeTo increase the sales by 10% by next year. The company need to invest in the project $6000. That include a graphic design services, acquisition and organization of new equipment. Recruitment and training. favourable receptionNamePositionDateSingCarolina PrietoSenior ManagementCarolina PrietoDavid GarciaStore MangerDavid Garcia

Sport Scale Essay Example for Free

disport shield EssayABSTRACT The primary purpose of this study was to develop a sound and authoritative instrument to assess cavort fan indigence. Also, the new appreciate was employed to examine the relationship in the midst of sport fan motivation and heathenal identicalness. One hundred sixty ix college students from two southeastern institutions introduced in this study. Data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory agentive role analysis, Bivariate correlation, t test, ANOVA, and descriptive statistics. The Fan Motivation Scale (FMS), developed in this study, consisted of six comp starnts with 22 items. The number of items under every component range from 5 to 2 items (quality of the game 4 items, escape 5 items, boredom avoidance 5 items, hearty 3 items, entertainment 3 items, and sport atmosphere 2 items). In addition, two hypotheses were tested in the ongoing study. The first hypothesis was that heathen identity operator element is positively rel ated to sport fan motivation. The second hypothesis delusive that there was a difference amidst Afri discharge Americans and European Americans in their ethnic identity. The results revealed the FMS is a reliable measure with an overall alpha score of 0.90. Significant differences were found between participants in the join FMS and some(prenominal) of the subscales based on gender and ethnicity. However, the outcomes of the samples examined in this study do not support the first hypothesis. Therefore, no significant relationship was found between sport fan motivation and ethnic identity. Regarding the second hypothesis, a significant difference was found between African Americans and European Americans in their ethnic identity. seven-spot CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Sports stick out become an increasingly important part of our society.Sports fans represent a significant percentage of sport consumers, because 70 percent or to a greater extent of Americans watch, read, or discuss spo rts at least once a day (Iso-Ahola Hatfield, 1986). From 1985 to 1998, referance has significantly increased at the four major sports in the United States. Major League Baseball (MLB) had the boastfullyst increase in the number of muckle at bunking games (24. 2 million, a 50% increase), followed by professional hoops (10. 3 million, a 89% increase), professional football (5. 7 million, a 40% increase), and professional hockey (5. 6 million, a 49% increase).The number of people attending college blank events has also increased during this time period (U. S. Census Bureau, 2000). Additionally, more television programming time is being devoted to sporting events. The ESPN was the fifth part highest ranked television network in 2000, in terms of revenue, it was estimated to be $2. 1 billion (McAvoy, 2000). With the increase of come to in sports has become an increased interest of sports fans as consumers. Sport teams and companies are very interested in attracting as many consumer s as possible to purchase game tickets or products.Therefore, sport marketers should remark the factors that drive fans to follow sport by attending, watching on television, or purchasing products. However, understanding the notion of sports fans is not simple because their attitudes and behaviors are not unyielding by a single actor or factor and rather occur for a variety of reasons (Mashiach, 1980). Statement of the Problem There has been a growing interest in the study of sport fan motivations in recent years to better understand fan behaviors (Bilyeu Wann, 2002 Funk, Mahony, Nakazawa, Hirakawa, 2001 Funk, Mahony Ridinger, 2002 Funk, Ridinger, Moorman, 2003Gantz, 1981 Kahle, Kambara, Rose, 1996 Lee, 2002 Mahony, Nakazawa, Funk, James, Gladden, 2002 Pease Zhang, 2001 Trail James, 2001 Wann, 1995 Wann, Bilyeu, Brennan, Osborn Gambouras, 1999 Wann, Brewer, 1 Royalty, 1999 Wann, Schrader Wilson, 1999). or so of these studies have introduced measures of different cons umption motives of sport fans. In addition, re take careers have examined the relationship between fan motivation and some other variables such as team identification, involvement, gender, and race.The measures apply in introductory studies to assess fan motivations vary in length and number of components. However, some of the components are used in all or close to scales such as the entertainment component, the family component, and the friends component. They also share very similar items with regard to similar components. Items used in most previous scales often bewilder with the words I like, I enjoy, or I feel which raises a validity issue for the measures because the aforementioned words represent rapture and attitude rather than motivation.Fan satisfaction relates to the happiness and pleasure associated with the outcome of a sporting event while fan attitude represents the opinion and feelings an individual(a) has about a sport team or sporting event. On the other han d, sport fan motivation refers to the reasons that drive individuals to support sport teams, be loyal to them, buy team/sport related products, watch and attend sporting events. The Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to assess sport fan motives.Also, the new measure was utilized to examine the relationship between fan motivation and ethnic identity. The abstract Framework The conceptual framework of this study includes the discussion of two concepts. First, the Fan Motivation Scale and its content will be introduced. Second, the notion of ethnic identity and why it should be correlated with sport fan motivation will be presented. The prior research (Wann, 1995 Funk, Mahony, Nakazawa, Hirakawa, 2001 Bilyeu Wann, 2002) identified various motives that could drive fans to attend sporting events. nearly of these motives are related to personal needs (entertainment and financial 2 gain), social needs (bonding with family and m ultitude affiliation), and psychological needs (self-esteem and achievement). In attempt to measure the motives of sport fans, the researchers introduced different scales. These scales comprised different number of motives ranging from 7 motives with 16 items to 18 motives with 54 items. The length of some of the scales was not the only problem. The major concern for previous scales is in the content validity, the extent to which items used in the scale accurately represent fan motives.In fact, all previous scales included items that are more related to attitude and satisfaction then motivation. The reason for this problem is the lack of clear definition of sport fan motivation. The current study is going to facial expression sport fan motivation as the reasons that drive individuals to support sport teams, be loyal to them, purchase team/sport related products, watch and attend sporting events. In addition, this study will employ a review of related literature and the prior effort made on fan motivation scales to develop valid and reliable measures of sport fan motivation.The proposed Fan Motivation Scale (FMS) will measure six motives social, entertainment, escape, aesthetic, psychological, and amotivation. The social motive assesses the extent to which individuals participate in sporting events as spectators because they desire to spend time with their families (Gantz, 1981 Wann, 1995). Also, to some individuals, group affiliation is an important motivation of being a sport fan. Sport spectating provides a fan with opportunities to share time with others who enjoy the same activities.A fan may want to keep contact with a group of fans and try refuge from a feeling of alienation (Branscombe Wann, 1991 Smith, 1988 Wann, 1995). The entertainment motive includes items that represent the desire of some individuals to have a good time and enjoy the exhilaration associated with sporting events. Some fans might enjoy a sport because of its entertainment value. S port spectating provides fans with leisure pastime activities similar to watching movies or television. One receipts of sport spectating is that few special skills, if any, are required (Zillmann, Bryant Sapolsky, 1989 Wann, 1995).The escape motive of sport fans assesses the desire of sport fans to escape or diverge from their everyday lives. tending a sporting event gives many people an 3 opportunity to temporarily forget about their troubling, dissatisfying, or boring lives (Smith, 1988 Lever Wheeler, 1984 Wann, Schrader Wilson, 1999). The aesthetic motive of sport fans appeals to those that are motivated by the aesthetic value of the sport. Some fans enjoy sports because of the competition between highly skilled athletes. The beauty, grace, and other artistic characteristics institute some people enjoy sporting events (Milne McDonald, 1999 Wann, 1995).The psychological motive is a factor that motivates sports fans and gives them a feeling of accomplishment and achievement when the fans favorite team or player is successful. Sports fans tend to associate themselves with a successful team or player in order to create and sustain a positive self-concept (Branscombe Wann, 1991 Milne McDonald, 1999 Sloan, 1989). Amotivation refers to the reconcile of lacking an intention to act. When amotivated, individuals action lacks intentionality and a adept of personal causation (Ryan Deci, 2000).Amotivation results from not valuing an activity (Ryan, 1995), not feeling competent to do it (Deci, 1975), or not believing it will yield a desired outcome (Seligman, 1975). Some individuals might go to sport events and watch sport games because they have nothing else to do, bored, and want to kill time. These types of reasons had been neglected in previous studies of sport fan motivation. As mentioned earlier, prior research has examined the relationship between fan motivations and other variables such as sport involvement, team identification, and some demographic f actors of selected sport fans.However, the ethnic identity of sport fans has been ignored in the literature. It might be assumed by some researchers that the race factor is enough representation of an individuals ethnic background. It is, however, only part of the concept. heathen identity is delimitate as a process of coming to terms with ones ethnic-racial membership group as a salient reference group (Smith, 1991, p. 182). Smith (1991) defined an ethnic group as a reference group called upon by people who share a common history and assimilation (p. 181).According to Gordon (1985), culture influences our social standards, values, cognitions, social perceptions, attributions, feelings, and sources of motivation. Individuals develop their ethnic identity through their social interaction with others. Through their interactions they begin to view themselves as others view them 4 (Stryker, 1980). pagan identity is viewed as part of social identity and it was defined by Tajfel (1981 ) as that part of an individuals self-concept which derives from his knowledge of his membership of a social group (or groups) together with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership (p.255).An ethnic group is composed of a number of individuals who share a star of group identity based on their unique culture, which include values, morals, and various customs, as well as shared origins. In the larger society, ethnic groups tend to maintain a sense of peoplehood (Dublin, 1996 Kornblum Janowitz, 1974 Portes, 1996). Forty years ago, Tumin (1964) defined an ethnic group as a social group which, within a large cultural and social system, claims or is accorded special status in terms of complexity of traits which it exhibits or is believed to exhibit (p.123).Distinguishing between ethnic groups is not always simple. Some ethnic minorities, such as African Americans, may have obvious physical differences that set them apart from other ethnic groups within the Unite d States, but many biracial individuals present an ambiguity because they belong to two or more ethnic groups, which makes ethnicity a subjective construct (Root, 1992). Studying ethnic identity is very important because it is the foundation for what an individual believes about himself or herself.Given the significance of ethnic identity, many researchers have been studying this construct. Phinney (1990) reviewed 70 studies of ethnic identity published between 1972 and 1990. She found that most of the studies have used one of three theoretical frameworks to examine ethnic identity. The first framework is the social identity theory which ethnic identity is considered a component of social identity. Social theory refers to the need for an individual to be a member of a group that provides him or her with a sense of belonging that contributes to a positive self-concept.The second framework is the acculturation prospective. The concept of acculturation refers to changes in the cultural attitudes, value, and behaviors that result from interactions between two distinct cultures (Berry, Trimble, Olmedo, 1986). These kinds of changes are unremarkably the concern of a group of individuals, and how it relates to the dominant or host society. Ethnic identity can be an horizon of acculturation in which the focus is on the individuals and how they relate to their own group as a subgroup of the larger society (Phinney, 1990).The third framework is developmental framework, where ethnic identity is viewed as a process by which people construct their ethnicity. 5 Erikson (1968) indicated that identity is the outcome of a period of exploration and experimentation that normally takes place during adolescence and leads to a decision of commitment in various areas, such as occupation, and religion. This view of ethnic identity suggests age as a factor is strongly related to developing ones ethnic identity (Phinney, 1990). Phinney (1990) mentioned that most studies have focused on certain components of ethnic identity.These components include self-identification as a group member, a sense of belonging to the group, attitudes about ones group membership, and ethnic involvement (social participation, cultural practices and attitudes). Self-identification represents the ethnic label that one uses for oneself. The ability of children to label themselves with the right ethnic group was the addressed in a study by Aboud (187). Another issue was the relationship between wild labeling and poor self-concept (Cross, 1978). Adults are expected to know their ethnicity but the issue is what label one chooses to use for himself or herself.However, some ethnic groups have a small-scale choice in what ethnic title they can use for themselves often because of their distinctive skin color or culture (language, dresses, customs, etc. ) which distinguishes them from other groups. Additionally, some individuals have two or more ethnic backgrounds and they identify themselve s as members of more than one group. Ethnic self-identification is an important but complex component of ethnic identity (Phinney, 1990). The feeling of belonging to ones own group is an important element of ethnic identity.Some researchers have tried to assess the sense of belonging by either asking people how strong was their relationship with their groups or how separate they feel from other groups (Driedger, 1976). Members of every ethnic group can have positive or negative attitudes toward their own group. Some of the positive attitudes related were pride in and pleasure, satisfaction, and contentment with ones group (Phinney, 1990). oppose attitudes include dissatisfaction, displeasure, discontentment, and a desire to hide ones identity (Driedger, 1976).People who display no positive attitudes or express negative attitudes can be seen as denying their ethnic identity (Phinney, 1990). In addition, the involvement in the social life and cultural practices of ones ethnic group i s considered a strong indicator of ones ethnic identity. The social and cultural practices 6 that represent the involvement component include language, friendship, social organizations, religion, cultural traditions, and politics (Phinney, 1990). Phinney (1992) developed the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) with the purpose of assessing ethnic identity among various ethnic groups.The scale was designed to measure three components of ethnic identity affirmation and belonging, ethnic identity achievement, and ethnic behaviors. Roberts, Phinney, Masse, Chen, Roberts, and Romero (1999) examined the validity of the MEIM and conducted factor analysis with a large sample. The outcomes suggest that the scale measures two components of ethnic identity ethnic identity search and affirmation, belonging, and commitment. Ethnic identity search refers to a developmental and cognitive component. Affirmation, belonging, and commitment represent the affective component.However, the scale h as been proven to be a valid and reliable measurement and it will be used in the context of this study. More discussion of the scale is provided in the method section. Researchers have indicated that positive relationships do live on between ethnic identity and self-esteem, self-concept, psychological well-being, achievement, and satisfaction (Phinney, 1992 Roberts et al. , 1999 Delworth, 1989). However, it is the purpose of this study to examine the relationship between ethnic identity and motivations of sport fans. According to Phinney (1990) some.

Globalization in Sub-Saharan Africa Essay Example for Free

Globalization in Sub-Saharan Africa EssayABSTRACTIt is factual that globalization began before the industrial vicissitude was existent in the colonial period and continues to be a major influence on how organisations worldwide operate. When analyzing the effects of globalization, a common controversial disputation is whether globalization has maimed the society or has brought signifi baset benefit. The African society is used severally by anti-globalists to defend their views. This paper explores the negative dynamics of globalization in Sub-saharan Africa e.g. under mining of state sovereignty and hastening of environwork forcetal degradation of the continent. However, it does not suggest that globalization is entirely bad nor does it say that globalization is the only parkway of Africas problems. It proposes some measures that can be considered when globalizing the African market so that this negative effects can be minimized.INTRODUCTIONThe nations of the world have syn chronised their trading goods and services, financial markets, Ideologies, innovations and cultures through globalization. The free flow market policy adopted by many countries has guide to significantly positive outcomes in the broader African region for example, creating new job ventures and advancements in technology. However, globalization has also cast a dark shadow on some sectors of the African economy , an output that this paper will put into perspective with a break-danceicular movement study on the Democratic Republic of Congo. Some proposed consequences of globalization addressed present include increased conflicts in the area, erosion of state sovereignty, imbalance in the ecosystem and income inequality. Sub-Saharan Africa is a term used to refer to all of Africa except the Union region.Most of their economies are agricultural based and are not as stable as those in the Western world. The average income in sub-Saharan Africa is under the poverty line level. Never theless, this region enjoys a large comparative advantage on raw imagings in the extractive industries for example minerals and oil. The demand for these minerals can mayhap pardon why immediately before the great recession in 2008,there was the 27% increase in FDI the highest ever seen(Jaja3). unlike companies can obtain these minerals at a in truth low cost in some African countries and reap huge marginal benefits. Some of the avenues they use to get them are dubietyable as is the case with the Democratic Republic of Congo.The Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Congo Zaire) is a cardinal African nation that borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Its neighbouring countries include Central African Republic Southern Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi, Angola and Tanzania (the two are separated by Lake Tanganyika).It is the second largest nation by area with over 65 million pot. It was a Belgian colony and gained independence in June 1960. DRCongo has the most variety in biodiversity i n Africa and enviable amounts of rare natural resources such as diamond, copper, gold, cobalt, timber and coltan.With its resources bingle would prognosticate that such a country would be awash with prime economic developments, projects to exploit all agricultural potential and high standards of musical accompaniment. On the contrary, most of the civilians in DRC live in poverty and have not benefited from the rich well of resources they have. They are victims of years of civil contend, propel direct by power- hungry, conniving national leaders and part of the international community. A sneak peak into the colonial history of DRCongo reveals that the exploitation of the minerals for self-intrests is not a recent phenomena.POLITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DRCIn the late 1800s, big businessman Leopold of Belgium acquired full rights of ownership of the Congo territory at the Conference of Berlin. He governed it like private property and the area experienced some developments. However, this came at the expense of the local people because they were treated as slaves and could not reap any fruits from their labour. Intense pressure from the international community on the Belgian parliament led to the reclaiming of the Congo region from the kings hands. It was renamed The Belgian Congo state from 1908.There was significant economic growth at the time but the autochthonic people were on the losing end again, exploited and enslaved. The fight for independence was won on June 1960 with Patrice Lumumba as Prime Minister and Joseph Kasavubu as president. Lumumba would later be open fire and Joseph Mobutu, chief of staff of the new army, aimed to restore the relationship between the two leaders with the help of the USA and Belgium governings. In January 1961, Katanga forces and Belgian troops executed Patrice. The Katanga duration ended in 1963 with the help of UN forces. There were several governments afterwards the most notable adept being that of Mobutu Sese Seko. His career as president began in 1971. He was largely dictatorial for example he revoked the powers of the legislature, fired the prime minister and conducted an election where he was the only candidate. Funds were mismanaged, state cooperations collapsed and the country was in debt. He renamed the country several times but officially used Congo-Zaire. Note that he had several billions of US dollars in a Swiss Bank billhook and still had favour with the USA government. It is believed that he even had a world bank official as a personal assistant.This in turn gave him orphic information about granting aid to Zaire. (Reno 1998152) In 1994, the DRC was a refuge for the many Rwandese Hutus fleeing the Rwandan genocide. Refugee camps a few kilometers from the border with Rwanda were planning zones for attacks into Rwanda. Mobutu cheered them on. However in 1996, Rwandan led forces backed by Uganda and the The Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire, led by Laure nt Kabila, advanced into Kinshasa to close down Hutu camps in Eastern DRC.As a result, Mobutus government was overthrown when he was away and Laurent Desire Kabila was declared president.Kabilas leadership was no different from his predecessors. Conflict between his government and rebel groups ensued in shocking 1998 because Kabila saw the Rwandese rebels as threat to his government. The Ugandan group, led by Congolese warlord John Pierre Bemba, formed the Movement for the Liberation of Congo, joined the Rwandese and together they terrorized the citizens and the government .Kabila requested for military assistance from the international community but they hesitantly supported him since they did not know him enough to trust him. In 1999, the rebels and the government subscribe a peace accord and six other countries were witnesses. A new constitution was promulgated in May 2005 and in 2006 the first free and bonny elections were held. Tension increased just before elections and the government, backed by the UN, disarmed all non- governmental factions to keep the nation stable. The trail of this civil war commonly equated to Africas first world war has left a trail of death, despair and pain amongst the people with over 5 million dead, several displaced, and thousands of women and children raped. It is interesting to question the ability of the rebel groups to oust governments sequentially.Could someone be funding them? Are there some hidden interests? The minerals in the DRC, and coltan in particular, are view gems in the technological era. When raw, coltan, which is composed of columbium and tantalum, looks like black mud or sand. It is used to produce capacitors. Capacitors are used to conduct electrical charge in high tech equipment for example cellular phones, computers and some jet engines. The DRC has the worlds largest reserves of the mineral. Four fifths of the worlds supply of coltan is in Africa and DRC has eighty percent of it. In the late 1900s,t he sales of tantalum increased by three hundred percent. This time period coincided with the times of civil war in the DRC.As Dena Montague states in her article, Stolen Goods Coltan and Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo, international cooperations such as Banro-resources cooperation, Finconcorde and Raremet imported DRC coltan via Rwanda for use in Asia, Europe and USA.In response to UN accusations of involvement in illegal trading H.C Stark, one of the largest producers of capacitors commented that they only purchase raw materials from established companies. However, established companies were indeed manifold in illegally obtaining goods from DRC. Investors restructured deals in support of Desire Kabila instead of Mobutu in 1996.This was a violation of the constitution which stated The soil and subsoil belong to the state-prospecting, geographic expedition and exploitation requires permits from Ministry of Mines and Energy. Local militia backed by Ugandan and Rwandese forces got supplies in form of food, money and military equipment in exchange for smuggled goods. The militia men took stronghold of areas with huge deposits of gold and coltan e.g. Bukavu, Lubumbashi and Mayi. Gold was exported through Uganda and into United Arab Emirates. It was difficult to trace from there.It is worth noting that between 1995 and 2006,gold was one of Ugandas main exports. Additionally, Uganda had gross domestic product growth rate of 6% per annum in 1999 yet the average GDP in Sub-Saharan Africa was about 2.5%in the same time. These trade revenues undermined the power of the central Congolese government because the Ugandan economy gained more from D.R. Congos resources more than the DRCs economy did. The fact that the international community was in one way or another involved in increasing conflict in the DRC is undeniable. If the corporate investors were genuinely trading with DRC to improve the state of the country, they would have questioned the authenticity of the DRC based enterprises and suppliers. Another simultaneous consequence of the years of instability was an imbalance in the ecosystem. joblesslife products such as elephant tusks and animal skin were and are still very marketable globally.They were sold or bartered in exchange of food, ammunition and other goods. With a nation in strife, this meant that there were neither environmental regulations nor expensive wildlife products. In the 1990s, there were increased rates of elephant poaching and habitat encroachment in the forest areas of Kahuzi Beiga National Park. Statistics by the UN reveal that in the area of Garamba Park, north easterly DRC, 4000 out of 12000 elephants were killed between 1995 and 1999.61The area was controlled by Ugandan troops and Sudanese rebels. This created a human-animal conflict. The militia fed on wild meat when on their missions. Wild meat was also the only easily uncommitted food source for the displaced persons. Rebel leaders disarmed the guar ds in national parks, thus they were unable to patrol the forest areas. Local conservationists also raised the alarm on the decreasing numbers of the bonobo monkeys famed for language learning abilities when in captivity and complex fond behavior in the wild(Gretchen Vogel).Another result of the clash between man and animal as suggested in the article personal effects of War and Civil Strife on Wildlife and Wildlife Habitats, was the spread of human monkey pox and bubonic plague.The people were exposed to more diseases other than water- borne and tropical diseases. With lack of adequate healthcare and restricted movements, the peoples lives were at risk too. The flora and soil were not spared either. The people burned the vegetation and cut trees to get timber and to create room for living and farming. Due to the uncertainty they were in, it is unlikely that their methods of farming were conservative e.g. overharvesting and thus leading to soil erosion. Timber, which is a fundamen tal raw material for the building industry, was cheaply available to local and international traders thus they found the political situation in the DRCongo very favourable to their activities. Globalization of trade and financial commodities in the world has a general pattern where most of the trade and investments are dominated by a few nations. They make policies that work to their advantage, a fact clearly depict by Joseph E. Stilitzp in his article Globalism Discontents.Agriculture, which is the backbone of many African countries, is sometimes left out in some of the import tariff reliefs given internationally on account of globalization. Some regional agreements also exercise some form of discriminatory trade towards agricultural products. Additionally, globalization has led to liquidity of pecuniary resource due to free financial markets. This means that capital investments can quickly be converted to cash. African states are become vulnerable to liquidity mayhap because of several sectors of the economy that need quick monetary solutions and overreliance on foreign loans as Stiglitzp highlights.One probable outcome from this phenomena in the period of conflict in the D.R.C would be that the rich political leaders in the country became richer and richer whereas the common people sunk deeper into poverty. It is likely that the agricultural sector was neglected(and this is where the people economy was/is based)and the mining industry prioritized. Middlemen from some countries traded weapons and money, with the rebel groups and some political elite, for coltan and other minerals. It is also likely that some foreign companies were given full ownership rights of some mines after giving the leaders of the time were given some money. The Congolese will indeed find it hard to trust their leaders again. The harsh public right now is that so many families are focused on the primary needs of fending for their families so the idea of demanding for their rights is would sound unpractical.The fragility of this state can be traced to the days of state formation and the nature of subsequent governments. If the leaders who came into power prioritized the formation of a strong army and building of the nation, then we would perhaps tell a different story. This region and several others in Sub-saharan Africa have faced a humanitarian,environmental and political turmoil for too long. To avoid a repeat of the civil war situation and its consequent effects, specific codes of conduct that promote economic and political stability should be considered in the globalization aspect. Foreign investments into Africa require strict policies and an end of the bargain that considers the welfare of the people e. g a company that wants to invest must contribute directly or indirectly towards building a hospital, school or social hall.This will be potent in ensuring that the transition between a globalized market and the previous one involves the whole society in all dimensions of life. This can only happen with government system that is dedicated to building a brighter future for these great nations. The effective building of DRCongos economy will involve Congos immediate neighbors, the whole of Africa and the world. Conservationists should develop programs in war torn areas so that resource conflicts do not arise in the future. Global gatherings that address environmental issues should also prioritize the critical environmental crisis the Democratic Republic of Congo and in other areas affected by similar or even worse conditions.REFERENCESGlobalization, Culture and the Great Disruption An Assessment International Journal of Academic enquiry in Business and Social Sciences February 2012, Vol. 2, No. 2Dena Montague, Stolen Goods Coltan and Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo, SAIS Review 22.1 (2002) 103-118Joseph P. Dudley1,*, Joshua R. Ginsberg2, Andrew J. Plumptre2, John A. Hart2, Liliana C. Campos3Conservation Biology Volume pag es 319329, April 2002 Effects of War and Civil Strife on Wildlife and Wildlife HabitatsAlan Cowell, Letter from Britain Lack of African Dream Lets a Nightmare Prevail by The International Herald Tribune, 2 August 2006Stiglitz Joseph.Globalism DiscontentsConflict in Congo Threatens Bonobos and Rare Gorillas* Gretchen VogelScience 31 March 2000 287 (5462), 2386-2387. DOI10.1126/science.287.5462.2386Report of the UN Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and new(prenominal) Forms of Wealth in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 2002.Reno, William. 1998. Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder, Colorado Lynne Rienner.(preface of the book)